9129767 HAQJZBV6 1 apa 50 date desc year Dayton 18 https://pdayton.scrippsprofiles.ucsd.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A100%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22SJ6SQRGE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Leichter%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-03-23%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELeichter%2C%20J.%20J.%2C%20Ladah%2C%20L.%20B.%2C%20Parnell%2C%20P.%20E.%2C%20Stokes%2C%20M.%20D.%2C%20Costa%2C%20M.%20T.%2C%20Fumo%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282023%29.%20Persistence%20of%20southern%20California%20giant%20kelp%20beds%20and%20alongshore%20variation%20in%20nutrient%20exposure%20driven%20by%20seasonal%20upwelling%20and%20internal%20waves.%20%3Ci%3EFrontiers%20in%20Marine%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E10%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%201007789.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2023.1007789%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2023.1007789%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Persistence%20of%20southern%20California%20giant%20kelp%20beds%20and%20alongshore%20variation%20in%20nutrient%20exposure%20driven%20by%20seasonal%20upwelling%20and%20internal%20waves%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leichter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lydia%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ladah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20Ed%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20Dale%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stokes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Costa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fumo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Kelp%20beds%20provide%20significant%20ecosystem%20services%20and%20socioeconomic%20benefits%20globally%2C%20and%20prominently%20in%20coastal%20zones%20of%20the%20California%20Current.%20Their%20distributions%20and%20abundance%2C%20however%2C%20vary%20greatly%20over%20space%20and%20time.%20Here%2C%20we%20describe%20long-term%20patterns%20of%20Giant%20Kelp%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Macrocystis%20pyrifera%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20sea%20surface%20canopy%20area%20off%20the%20coast%20of%20San%20Diego%20County%20from%201983%20through%202019%20along%20with%20recent%20patterns%20of%20water%20column%20nitrate%20%28NO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20exposure%20inferred%20from%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20in%20situ%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20temperature%20data%20in%202014%20and%202015%20at%20sites%20spanning%2030%5Cu00a0km%20of%20the%20coastline%20near%20San%20Diego%20California%2C%20USA.%20Site-specific%20patterns%20of%20kelp%20persistence%20and%20resilience%20were%20associated%20with%20ocean%20and%20climate%20dynamics%2C%20with%20total%20sea%20surface%20kelp%20canopy%20area%20varying%20approximately%2033-fold%20over%20the%20almost%204%20decades%20%28min%200.34%20km%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20in%201984%3B%20max%2011.25%20km%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20in%202008%2C%20median%204.79%20km%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29.%20Site-normalized%20canopy%20areas%20showed%20that%20recent%20kelp%20persistence%20since%202014%20was%20greater%20at%20Point%20Loma%20and%20La%20Jolla%2C%20the%20largest%20kelp%20beds%20off%20California%2C%20than%20at%20the%20much%20smaller%20kelp%20bed%20off%20Cardiff.%20NO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20exposure%20was%20estimated%20from%20an%2011-month%20time%20series%20of%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20in%20situ%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20water%20column%20temperature%20collected%20in%202014%20and%202015%20at%204%20kelp%20beds%2C%20using%20a%20relationship%20between%20temperature%20and%20NO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20concentration%20previously%20established%20for%20the%20region.%20The%20vertical%20position%20of%20the%2014.5%5Cu00b0C%20isotherm%2C%20an%20indicator%20of%20the%20main%20thermocline%20and%20nutricline%2C%20varied%20across%20the%20entire%20water%20column%20at%20semidiurnal%20to%20seasonal%20frequencies.%20We%20use%20a%20novel%20means%20of%20quantifying%20estimated%20water%20column%20NO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20exposure%20integrated%20through%20time%20%28mol-days%20m%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-2%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20adapted%20from%20degree%20days%20approaches%20commonly%20used%20to%20characterize%20thermal%20exposures.%20Water%20column%20integrated%20NO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20exposure%20binned%20by%20quarters%20of%20the%20time%20series%20showed%20strong%20seasonal%20differences%20with%20highest%20exposure%20in%20Mar%20-%20May%202015%2C%20lowest%20exposure%20in%20Sep%20-%20Dec%202014%2C%20with%20consistently%20highest%20exposure%20off%20Point%20Loma.%20The%20water%20column%20integrated%20NO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20signal%20was%20filtered%20to%20provide%20estimates%20of%20the%20contribution%20to%20total%20nitrate%20exposure%20from%20high%20frequency%20variability%20%28%5Cu0192%20%26gt%3B%3D%201%20cycle%2030%20hr%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-1%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20associated%20predominantly%20with%20internal%20waves%2C%20and%20low%20frequency%20variability%20driven%20predominantly%20by%20seasonal%20upwelling.%20While%20seasonal%20upwelling%20accounted%20for%20%26gt%3B%2090%25%20of%20NO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20exposure%20across%20the%20full%20year%2C%20during%20warm%20periods%20when%20seasonal%20upwelling%20was%20reduced%20or%20absent%20and%20NO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20exposure%20was%20low%20overall%2C%20the%20proportion%20due%20to%20internal%20waves%20increased%20markedly%20to%2084%20to%20100%25%20of%20the%20site-specific%20total%20exposure.%20The%20high%20frequency%20variability%20associated%20with%20internal%20waves%20may%20supply%20critical%20nutrient%20availability%20during%20anomalously%20warm%20periods.%20Overall%2C%20these%20analyses%20support%20a%20hypothesis%20that%20differences%20in%20NO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20exposure%20among%20sites%20due%20to%20seasonal%20upwelling%20and%20higher%20frequency%20internal%20wave%20forcing%20contribute%20to%20spatial%20patterns%20in%20Giant%20Kelp%20persistence%20in%20southern%20California.%20The%20study%20period%20includes%20anomalously%20warm%20surface%20conditions%20and%20the%20marine%20heatwave%20associated%20with%20the%20%5Cu201cPacific%20Warm%20Blob%5Cu201d%20superimposed%20on%20the%20seasonal%20thermal%20signal%20and%20corresponding%20to%20the%20onset%20of%20a%20multi-year%20decline%20in%20kelp%20canopy%20area%20and%20marked%20differences%20in%20kelp%20persistence%20among%20sites.%20Our%20analysis%20suggests%20that%2C%20particularly%20during%20periods%20of%20warm%20surface%20conditions%2C%20variation%20in%20NO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20exposure%20associated%20with%20processes%20occurring%20at%20higher%20frequencies%2C%20including%20internal%20waves%20can%20be%20a%20significant%20source%20of%20NO%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%203%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20-%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20exposure%20to%20kelp%20beds%20in%20this%20region.%20The%20patterns%20described%20here%20also%20offer%20a%20view%20of%20the%20potential%20roles%20of%20seasonal%20and%20higher%20frequency%20nutrient%20dynamics%20for%20Giant%20Kelp%20persistence%20in%20southern%20California%20under%20continuing%20ocean%20surface%20warming%20and%20increasing%20frequency%20and%20intensity%20of%20marine%20heatwaves.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-3-23%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2023.1007789%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222296-7745%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffmars.2023.1007789%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%2C%22R8MME3AD%22%2C%227G5CDYGR%22%2C%22VMQ3KRIH%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-05-03T17%3A19%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KYPBJQ53%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mora-Soto%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMora-Soto%2C%20A.%2C%20Capsey%2C%20A.%2C%20Friedlander%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Palacios%2C%20M.%2C%20Brewin%2C%20P.%20E.%2C%20Golding%2C%20N.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%2C%20Van%20Tussenbroek%2C%20B.%2C%20Montiel%2C%20A.%2C%20Goodell%2C%20W.%2C%20Velasco-Charpentier%2C%20C.%2C%20Hart%2C%20T.%2C%20Macaya%2C%20E.%20C.%2C%20Perez-Matus%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Macias-Fauria%2C%20M.%20%282021%29.%20One%20of%20the%20least%20disturbed%20marine%20coastal%20ecosystems%20on%20Earth%3A%20Spatial%20and%20temporal%20persistence%20of%20Darwin%26%23x2019%3Bs%20sub-Antarctic%20giant%20kelp%20forests.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Biogeography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E48%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2810%29%2C%202562%26%23x2013%3B2577.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fjbi.14221%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fjbi.14221%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22One%20of%20the%20least%20disturbed%20marine%20coastal%20ecosystems%20on%20Earth%3A%20Spatial%20and%20temporal%20persistence%20of%20Darwin%27s%20sub-Antarctic%20giant%20kelp%20forests%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mora-Soto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Capsey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Friedlander%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Palacios%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brewin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Golding%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Tussenbroek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montiel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goodell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Velasco-Charpentier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Macaya%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perez-Matus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Macias-Fauria%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Aim%20Marine%20habitats%20and%20their%20dynamics%20are%20difficult%20to%20systematically%20monitor%2C%20particularly%20those%20in%20remote%20locations.%20This%20is%20the%20case%20with%20the%20sub-Antarctic%20ecosystem%20of%20the%20giant%20kelp%20Macrocystis%20pyrifera%2C%20which%20was%20already%20noted%20by%20Charles%20Darwin%20in%20his%20accounts%20on%20the%20Voyage%20of%20the%20Beagle%20and%20recorded%20on%20the%20nautical%20charts%20made%20during%20that%20expedition.%20We%20combined%20these%20and%20other%20nautical%20charts%20from%20the%2019th%20and%20early%2020th%20centuries%20with%20surveys%20conducted%20in%20the%201970s%20and%201980s%20and%20satellite%20detection%20algorithms%20from%201984%20to%202019%2C%20to%20analyse%20kelp%20distribution%20through%20time%20and%20the%20factors%20that%20correlate%20with%20it.%20Location%20Marine%20ecoregions%20of%20Channels%20and%20Fjords%20of%20Southern%20Chile%2C%20Falkland%20Islands%20%28Malvinas%29%2C%20and%20the%20island%20of%20South%20Georgia.%20Taxon%20Macrocystis%20pyrifera.%20Methods%20We%20characterised%20309%20giant%20kelp%20forests%20by%20their%20coastal%20geospatial%20attributes.%20Statistically%20significant%20variables%20were%20included%20in%20a%20conditional%20inference%20tree%20to%20predict%20kelp%20forest%20size.%20Sea%20surface%20temperature%20%28SST%29%20records%20were%20analysed%20to%20confirm%20temperature%20ranges%20over%20the%20last%20four%20decades.%20Nautical%20charts%2C%20historical%20surveys%2C%20aerial%20photogrammetry%2C%20unmanned%20aerial%20vehicle%20%28UAV%29%20surveys%20and%20satellite%20imagery%20were%20overlaid%20to%20assess%20spatial%20distribution%20of%20kelp%20forest%20canopies%2C%20spanning%20the%20period%201829-2020.%20Results%20Considering%20the%20extensive%20natural%20and%20human%20caused%20changes%20over%20the%20last%20two%20centuries%2C%20this%20diverse%20kelp%20ecosystem%20is%20remarkably%20persistent.%20We%20found%20that%20the%20ocean%20currents%20and%20wave%20exposure%2C%20combined%20with%20the%20geomorphological%20settings%20of%20the%20coastline%20are%20the%20most%20critical%20factors%20predicting%20the%20extent%20of%20the%20kelp%20forests.%20Main%20conclusions%20We%20have%20described%20the%20long-term%20ecological%20persistence%20of%20the%20kelp%20forests%20in%20this%20vastly%20under-studied%20region%20that%20offers%20a%20conceptual%20biogeographical%20model%20supporting%20the%20global%20importance%20proposed%20by%20Charles%20Darwin%20200%20years%20ago%20%28Darwin%2C%201845%29.%20In%20the%20current%20context%20of%20global%20change%2C%20the%20need%20for%20conservation%20of%20this%20persistent%20and%20well-preserved%20marine%20ecosystem%20has%20never%20been%20more%20important.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fjbi.14221%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220305-0270%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2278AEHSPG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dayton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282020%29.%20Adventures%20scaling%20the%20realized%20niche%2C%20saving%20the%20world%2C%20and%20searching%20for%20values.%20%3Ci%3EIces%20Journal%20of%20Marine%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E77%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%201648%26%23x2013%3B1657.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Ficesjms%5C%2Ffsaa085%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Ficesjms%5C%2Ffsaa085%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Adventures%20scaling%20the%20realized%20niche%2C%20saving%20the%20world%2C%20and%20searching%20for%20values%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22I%20describe%20my%20unlikely%20path%20into%20marine%20science%20from%20a%20childhood%20in%20the%20Arizona%20desert%20and%20Oregon%20woods.%20Without%20realizing%20it%2C%20I%20developed%20a%20sense%20of%20place%20in%20nature%20and%20the%20value%20of%20open%20interdisciplinary%20communication%20among%20diverse%20scientists.%20My%20undergraduate%20education%20emphasized%20physiological%20adaptations%20to%20the%20environment%20or%20what%20might%20now%20be%20considered%20the%20%5C%22fundamental%20niche%5C%22%2C%20and%20my%20graduate%20thinking%20was%20inspired%20by%20a%20population%5C%2Fcommunity%20based%20evolutionary%20understanding%20of%20how%20strong%20interactions%20define%20a%20%5C%22realized%20niche%5C%22.%20I%20have%20attempted%20to%20define%20strong%20interactions%20in%20three%20different%20ecosystems.%20This%20difficult%20problem%20is%20confounded%20by%20the%20loss%20of%20natural%20systems%20resulting%20from%20human%20impacts.%20I%20discuss%20my%20frustrations%20with%20eroding%20conservation%20efforts%20in%20a%20society%20that%20is%20rapidly%20devaluing%20nature%20and%20consider%20how%20we%20might%20recover%20our%20most%20fundamental%20values.%20I%20conclude%20that%20there%20is%20an%20urgent%20need%20to%20improve%20field-based%20teaching%20of%20undergraduate%20non-majors%20about%20nature%20and%20to%20be%20much%20more%20effective%20in%20our%20interactions%20with%20the%20general%20public.%20If%20we%20hope%20to%20have%20our%20legacy%20include%20a%20liveable%20world%20with%20natural%20places%2C%20we%20urgently%20need%20to%20act%20unilaterally%20to%20shift%20some%20of%20our%20values%20and%20reward%20systems%20towards%20the%20challenge%20of%20educating%20the%20undergraduates%20and%20especially%20the%20general%20public.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Ficesjms%5C%2Ffsaa085%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221054-3139%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MY3ZVMAB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bjordal%20and%20Dayton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBjordal%2C%20C.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282020%29.%20First%20evidence%20of%20microbial%20wood%20degradation%20in%20the%20coastal%20waters%20of%20the%20Antarctic.%20%3Ci%3EScientific%20Reports%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E10%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41598-020-68613-y%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41598-020-68613-y%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22First%20evidence%20of%20microbial%20wood%20degradation%20in%20the%20coastal%20waters%20of%20the%20Antarctic%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bjordal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Wood%20submerged%20in%20saline%20and%20oxygenated%20marine%20waters%20worldwide%20is%20efficiently%20degraded%20by%20crustaceans%20and%20molluscs.%20Nevertheless%2C%20in%20the%20cold%20coastal%20waters%20of%20the%20Antarctic%2C%20these%20degraders%20seem%20to%20be%20absent%20and%20no%20evidence%20of%20other%20wood-degrading%20organisms%20has%20been%20reported%20so%20far.%20Here%20we%20examine%20long-term%20exposed%20anthropogenic%20wood%20material%20%28Douglas%20Fir%29%20collected%20at%20the%20seafloor%20close%20to%20McMurdo%20station%2C%20Antarctica.%20We%20used%20light%20and%20scanning%20electron%20microscopy%20and%20demonstrate%20that%20two%20types%20of%20specialized%20lignocellulolytic%20microbes-soft%20rot%20fungi%20and%20tunnelling%20bacteria-are%20active%20and%20degrade%20wood%20in%20this%20extreme%20environment.%20Fungal%20decay%20dominates%20and%20hyphae%20penetrate%20the%20outer%202-4%20mm%20of%20the%20wood%20surface.%20Decay%20rates%20observed%20are%20about%20two%20orders%20of%20magnitude%20lower%20than%20normal.%20The%20fungi%20and%20bacteria%2C%20as%20well%20as%20their%20respective%20cavities%20and%20tunnels%2C%20are%20slightly%20smaller%20than%20normal%2C%20which%20might%20represent%20an%20adaptation%20to%20the%20extreme%20cold%20environment.%20Our%20results%20establish%20that%20there%20is%20ongoing%20wood%20degradation%20also%20in%20the%20Antarctic%2C%20albeit%20at%20a%20vastly%20reduced%20rate%20compared%20to%20warmer%20environments.%20Historical%20shipwrecks%20resting%20on%20the%20seafloor%20are%20most%20likely%20still%20in%20good%20condition%2C%20although%20surface%20details%20such%20as%20wood%20carvings%2C%20tool%20marks%2C%20and%20paint%20slowly%20disintegrate%20due%20to%20microbial%20decay.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41598-020-68613-y%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222045-2322%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223XFZKR77%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Friedlander%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFriedlander%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Ballesteros%2C%20E.%2C%20Bell%2C%20T.%20W.%2C%20Caselle%2C%20J.%20E.%2C%20Campagna%2C%20C.%2C%20Goodell%2C%20W.%2C%20Hune%2C%20M.%2C%20Munoz%2C%20A.%2C%20Salinas-de-Leon%2C%20P.%2C%20Sala%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282020%29.%20Kelp%20forests%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%20earth%3A%2045%20years%20later.%20%3Ci%3EPLOS%20ONE%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E15%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0229259%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0229259%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Kelp%20forests%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%20earth%3A%2045%20years%20later%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Friedlander%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ballesteros%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caselle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campagna%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goodell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hune%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Munoz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salinas-de-Leon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sala%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20kelp%20forests%20of%20southern%20South%20America%20are%20some%20of%20the%20least%20disturbed%20on%20the%20planet.%20The%20remoteness%20of%20this%20region%20has%2C%20until%20recently%2C%20spared%20it%20from%20many%20of%20the%20direct%20anthropogenic%20stressors%20that%20have%20negatively%20affected%20these%20ecosystems%20elsewhere.%20Re-surveys%20of%2011%20locations%20at%20the%20easternmost%20extent%20of%20Tierra%20del%20Fuego%20originally%20conducted%20in%201973%20showed%20no%20significant%20differences%20in%20the%20densities%20of%20adult%20and%20juvenile%20Macrocystis%20pyrifera%20kelp%20or%20kelp%20holdfast%20diameter%20between%20the%20two%20survey%20periods.%20Additionally%2C%20sea%20urchin%20assemblage%20structure%20at%20the%20same%20sites%20were%20not%20significantly%20different%20between%20the%20two%20time%20periods%2C%20with%20the%20dominant%20species%20Loxechinus%20albus%20accounting%20for%2066.3%25%20of%20total%20sea%20urchin%20abundance%20in%202018%20and%2061.1%25%20in%201973.%20Time%20series%20of%20Landsat%20imagery%20of%20the%20region%20from%201998%20to%202018%20showed%20no%20long-term%20trends%20in%20kelp%20canopy%20over%20the%20past%2020%20years.%20However%2C%20similar%20to%204-year%20oscillations%20in%20canopy%20fraction%20were%20observed%20and%20were%20strongly%20and%20negatively%20correlated%20with%20the%20NOAA%20Multivariate%20ENSO%20index%20and%20sea%20surface%20temperature.%20More%20extensive%20surveying%20in%202018%20showed%20significant%20differences%20in%20benthic%20community%20structure%20between%20exposed%20and%20sheltered%20locations.%20Fish%20species%20endemic%20to%20the%20Magellanic%20Province%20accounted%20for%2073%25%20of%20all%20nearshore%20species%20observed%20and%20from%2098-100%25%20of%20the%20numerical%20abundance%20enumerated%20at%20sites.%20Fish%20assemblage%20structure%20varied%20significantly%20among%20locations%20and%20wave%20exposures.%20The%20recent%20creation%20of%20the%20Yaganes%20Marine%20Park%20is%20an%20important%20step%20in%20protecting%20this%20unique%20and%20biologically%20rich%20region%3B%20however%2C%20the%20nearshore%20waters%20of%20the%20region%20are%20currently%20not%20included%20in%20this%20protection.%20There%20is%20a%20general%20lack%20of%20information%20on%20changes%20in%20kelp%20forests%20over%20long%20time%20periods%2C%20making%20a%20global%20assessment%20difficult.%20A%20complete%20picture%20of%20how%20these%20ecosystems%20are%20responding%20to%20human%20pressures%20must%20also%20include%20remote%20locations%20and%20locations%20with%20little%20to%20no%20impact.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0229259%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221932-6203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2275L967WM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kim%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKim%2C%20S.%2C%20Hammerstrom%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20%282019%29.%20Epifaunal%20community%20response%20to%20iceberg-mediated%20environmental%20change%20in%20McMurdo%20Sound%2C%20Antarctica.%20%3Ci%3EMarine%20Ecology%20Progress%20Series%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E613%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B14.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3354%5C%2Fmeps12899%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3354%5C%2Fmeps12899%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Epifaunal%20community%20response%20to%20iceberg-mediated%20environmental%20change%20in%20McMurdo%20Sound%2C%20Antarctica%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammerstrom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22High-latitude%20marine%20communities%20are%20dependent%20on%20sea%20ice%20patterns.%20Sea%20ice%20cover%20limits%20light%2C%20and%20hence%20primary%20production%20and%20food%20supply.%20Plankton%2C%20carried%20by%20currents%20from%20open%20water%20to%20areas%20under%20the%20sea%20ice%2C%20provides%20a%20transitory%20food%20resource%20that%20is%20spatially%20and%20temporally%20variable.%20We%20recorded%20epifaunal%20abundances%20at%2017%20sites%20in%20McMurdo%20Sound%2C%20Antarctica%2C%20over%2012%20yr%2C%20and%20found%20differences%20in%20communities%20based%20on%20location%20and%20time.%20The%20differences%20in%20location%20support%20patterns%20observed%20in%20long-term%20infaunal%20studies%2C%20which%20are%20primarily%20driven%20by%20currents%2C%20food%20availability%2C%20and%20larval%20supply.%20The%20temporal%20differences%2C%20highlighting%202004%20and%202009%20as%20years%20of%20change%2C%20match%20the%20altered%20persistence%20of%20sea%20ice%20in%20the%20region%2C%20caused%20by%20the%20appearance%20and%20disappearance%20of%20mega-icebergs.%20The%20temporal%20changes%20were%20driven%20by%20changes%20in%20abundance%20of%20species%20that%20filter%20feed%20on%20large%20particulates.%20The%20shift%20in%20current%20patterns%20that%20occurred%20due%20to%20mega-icebergs%20decreased%20the%20normal%20food%20supply%20in%20the%20region.%20In%20addition%20to%20the%20decrease%20in%20food%20availability%2C%20we%20suggest%20that%20the%20reduced%20light%20resulting%20from%20thicker-than-normal%20sea%20ice%20resulted%20in%20a%20shift%20to%20smaller%20phytoplankton.%20A%20change%20in%20food%20quality%20as%20well%20as%20quantity%20may%20have%20influenced%20the%20temporal%20change%20in%20epifaunal%20communities.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3354%5C%2Fmeps12899%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220171-8630%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PVE7WGKN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dayton%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Oliver%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Thrush%2C%20S.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hammerstrom%2C%20K.%20%282019%29.%20Bacteria%20defend%20carrion%20from%20scavengers.%20%3Ci%3EAntarctic%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E31%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2013%26%23x2013%3B15.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2Fs0954102018000457%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2Fs0954102018000457%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bacteria%20defend%20carrion%20from%20scavengers%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Oliver%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thrush%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammerstrom%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Carrion%20in%20the%20form%20of%20dead%20seal%20pups%20and%20algal%20mats%20placed%20on%20soft%20bottom%20habitats%20at%20Explorers%20Cove%20and%20Salmon%20Bay%2C%20McMurdo%20Sound%2C%20attract%20scavenging%20invertebrates%20that%20are%20driven%20away%20by%20hydrogen%20sulphide%20produced%20by%20sulphate-reducing%20bacteria%20sequestered%20below%20a%20layer%20of%20Beggiatoa%5C%2FThioploca-like%20filamentous%20bacteria.%20This%20system%20is%20usually%20found%20for%20lipid-rich%20marine%20mammal%20carrion%2C%20but%20also%20occurred%20with%20natural%20algal%20mats.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1017%5C%2Fs0954102018000457%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220954-1020%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225Z534LAZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dayton%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Jarrell%2C%20S.%20C.%2C%20Kim%2C%20S.%2C%20Parnell%2C%20P.%20E.%2C%20Thrush%2C%20S.%20F.%2C%20Hammerstrom%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Leichter%2C%20J.%20J.%20%282019%29.%20Benthic%20responses%20to%20an%20Antarctic%20regime%20shift%3A%20food%20particle%20size%20and%20recruitment%20biology.%20%3Ci%3EEcological%20Applications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E29%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Feap.1823%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Feap.1823%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Benthic%20responses%20to%20an%20Antarctic%20regime%20shift%3A%20food%20particle%20size%20and%20recruitment%20biology%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarrell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thrush%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammerstrom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leichter%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Polar%20ecosystems%20are%20bellwether%20indicators%20of%20climate%20change%20and%20offer%20insights%20into%20ecological%20resilience.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20describe%20contrasting%20responses%20to%20an%20apparent%20regime%20shift%20of%20two%20very%20different%20benthic%20communities%20in%20McMurdo%20Sound%2C%20Antarctica.%20We%20compared%20species-specific%20patterns%20of%20benthic%20invertebrate%20abundance%20and%20size%20between%20the%20west%20%28low%20productivity%29%20and%20east%20%28higher%20productivity%29%20sides%20of%20McMurdo%20Sound%20across%20multiple%20decades%20%281960s-2010%29%20to%20depths%20of%2060%20m.%20We%20present%20possible%20factors%20associated%20with%20the%20observed%20changes.%20A%20massive%20and%20unprecedented%20shift%20in%20sponge%20recruitment%20and%20growth%20on%20artificial%20substrata%20observed%20between%20the%201980s%20and%202010%20contrasts%20with%20lack%20of%20dramatic%20sponge%20settlement%20and%20growth%20on%20natural%20substrata%2C%20emphasizing%20poorly%20understood%20sponge%20recruitment%20biology.%20We%20present%20observations%20of%20changes%20in%20populations%20of%20sponges%2C%20bryozoans%2C%20bivalves%2C%20and%20deposit-feeding%20invertebrates%20in%20the%20natural%20communities%20on%20both%20sides%20of%20the%20sound.%20Scientific%20data%20for%20Antarctic%20benthic%20ecosystems%20are%20scant%2C%20but%20we%20gather%20multiple%20lines%20of%20evidence%20to%20examine%20possible%20processes%20in%20regional-scale%20oceanography%20during%20the%20eight%20years%20in%20which%20the%20sea%20ice%20did%20not%20clear%20out%20of%20the%20southern%20portion%20of%20McMurdo%20Sound.%20We%20suggest%20that%20large%20icebergs%20blocked%20currents%20and%20advected%20plankton%2C%20allowed%20thicker%20multi-year%20ice%2C%20and%20reduced%20light%20to%20the%20benthos.%20This%2C%20in%20addition%20to%20a%20possible%20increase%20in%20iron%20released%20from%20rapidly%20melting%20glaciers%2C%20fundamentally%20shifted%20the%20quantity%20and%20quality%20of%20primary%20production%20in%20McMurdo%20Sound.%20A%20hypothesized%20shift%20from%20large%20to%20small%20food%20particles%20is%20consistent%20with%20increased%20recruitment%20and%20growth%20of%20sponges%20on%20artificial%20substrata%2C%20filter-feeding%20polychaetes%2C%20and%20some%20bryozoans%2C%20as%20well%20as%20reduced%20populations%20of%20bivalves%20and%20crinoids%20that%20favor%20large%20particles%2C%20and%20echinoderms%20Sterechinus%20neumayeri%20and%20Odontaster%20validus%20that%20predominantly%20feed%20on%20benthic%20diatoms%20and%20large%20phytoplankton%20mats%20that%20drape%20the%20seafloor%20after%20spring%20blooms.%20This%20response%20of%20different%20guilds%20of%20filter%20feeders%20to%20a%20hypothesized%20shift%20from%20large%20to%20small%20phytoplankton%20points%20to%20the%20enormous%20need%20for%20and%20potential%20value%20of%20holistic%20monitoring%20programs%2C%20particularly%20in%20pristine%20ecosystems%2C%20that%20could%20yield%20both%20fundamental%20ecological%20insights%20and%20knowledge%20that%20can%20be%20applied%20to%20critical%20conservation%20concerns%20as%20climate%20change%20continues.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Feap.1823%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-0761%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%2C%227G5CDYGR%22%2C%22VMQ3KRIH%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-25T18%3A10%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VG6I2BYH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dayton%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Robilliard%2C%20G.%20A.%2C%20Oliver%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Kim%2C%20S.%2C%20Hammerstrom%2C%20K.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BConnor%2C%20K.%2C%20Fisher%2C%20J.%2C%20Barber%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jarrell%2C%20S.%20%282018%29.%20Long-term%20persistence%20of%20wood%20on%20the%20sea%20floor%20at%20McMurdo%20Sound%2C%20Antarctica.%20%3Ci%3EAntarctic%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E30%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%20355%26%23x2013%3B356.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2Fs0954102018000305%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2Fs0954102018000305%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Long-term%20persistence%20of%20wood%20on%20the%20sea%20floor%20at%20McMurdo%20Sound%2C%20Antarctica%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robilliard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Oliver%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammerstrom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Connor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fisher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarrell%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1017%5C%2Fs0954102018000305%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220954-1020%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LEDY533G%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Abrams%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAbrams%2C%20P.%20A.%2C%20Ainley%2C%20D.%20G.%2C%20Blight%2C%20L.%20K.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Eastman%2C%20J.%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jacquet%2C%20J.%20L.%20%282016%29.%20Necessary%20elements%20of%20precautionary%20management%3A%20implications%20for%20the%20Antarctic%20toothfish.%20%3Ci%3EFish%20and%20Fisheries%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E17%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%201152%26%23x2013%3B1174.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Ffaf.12162%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Ffaf.12162%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Necessary%20elements%20of%20precautionary%20management%3A%20implications%20for%20the%20Antarctic%20toothfish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abrams%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ainley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blight%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eastman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jacquet%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20review%20the%20precautionary%20approach%20to%20fisheries%20management%2C%20propose%20a%20framework%20that%20will%20allow%20a%20systematic%20assessment%20of%20insufficient%20precaution%20and%20provide%20an%20illustration%20using%20an%20Antarctic%20fishery.%20For%20a%20single-species%20fishery%2C%20our%20framework%20includes%20five%20attributes%3A%20%281%29%20limit%20reference%20points%20that%20recognize%20gaps%20in%20our%20understanding%20of%20the%20dynamics%20of%20the%20species%3B%20%282%29%20accurate%20measures%20of%20population%20size%3B%20%283%29%20ability%20to%20detect%20population%20changes%20quickly%20enough%20to%20arrest%20unwanted%20declines%3B%20%284%29%20adequate%20understanding%20of%20ecosystem%20dynamics%20to%20avoid%20adverse%20indirect%20effects%3B%20and%20%285%29%20assessment%20of%20the%20first%20four%20elements%20by%20a%20sufficiently%20impartial%20group%20of%20scientists.%20We%20argue%20that%20one%20or%20more%20of%20these%20elements%20frequently%20fail%20to%20be%20present%20in%20the%20management%20of%20many%20fisheries.%20Structural%20uncertainties%2C%20which%20characterize%20almost%20all%20fisheries%20models%2C%20call%20for%20higher%20limit%20points%20than%20those%20commonly%20used.%20A%20detailed%20look%20into%20the%20five%20elements%20and%20associated%20uncertainties%20is%20presented%20for%20the%20fishery%20on%20the%20Antarctic%20toothfish%20in%20the%20Ross%20Sea%20%28FAO%5C%2FCCAMLR%20Area%2088.1%2C%2088.2%29%2C%20for%20which%20management%20was%20recently%20described%20as%20highly%20precautionary%27.%20In%20spite%20of%20having%20features%20that%20make%20the%20Ross%20Sea%20fishery%20ideal%20for%20the%20application%20of%20the%20precautionary%20approach%2C%20gaps%20in%20our%20knowledge%20and%20failure%20to%20acknowledge%20these%20gaps%20mean%20that%20current%20regulation%20falls%20short%20of%20being%20sufficiently%20precautionary.%20We%20propose%20some%20possible%20remedies.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Ffaf.12162%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221467-2960%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HPMWXEQJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dayton%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%2C%20Jarrell%2C%20S.%2C%20Kim%2C%20S.%2C%20Thrush%2C%20S.%2C%20Hammerstrom%2C%20K.%2C%20Slattery%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Parnell%2C%20E.%20%282016%29.%20Surprising%20episodic%20recruitment%20and%20growth%20of%20Antarctic%20sponges%3A%20Implications%20for%20ecological%20resilience.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Experimental%20Marine%20Biology%20and%20Ecology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E482%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2038%26%23x2013%3B55.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2016.05.001%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2016.05.001%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Surprising%20episodic%20recruitment%20and%20growth%20of%20Antarctic%20sponges%3A%20Implications%20for%20ecological%20resilience%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarrell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thrush%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammerstrom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Slattery%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Sponges%20are%20the%20most%20conspicuous%20component%20of%20the%20Antarctic%20benthic%20ecosystem%2C%20a%20system%20under%20stress%20both%20from%20climate%20change%20and%20fishing%20activities.%20Observations%20over%20four%20decades%20are%20compiled%20and%20reveal%20extremely%20episodic%20sponge%20recruitment%20and%20growth.%20Recruitment%20occurred%20under%20different%20oceanographic%20conditions%20on%20both%20sides%20of%20McMurdo%20Sound.%20Most%20of%20the%20sponges%20appear%20to%20have%20recruited%20in%20the%20late%201990s-2000.%20Observations%20from%202000%20to%202010%20follow%20thirty%20years%20of%20relative%20stasis%20with%20very%20little%20sponge%20recruitment%20or%20growth%20followed%20by%20a%20general%20pattern%20of%20recruitment%20by%20some%20forty%20species%20of%20sponges.%20That%20there%20was%20almost%20no%20recruitment%20observed%20on%20natural%20substrata%20emphasizes%20the%20contrast%20between%20potential%20and%20realized%20recruitment%20This%20unique%20data%20set%20was%20derived%20from%20a%20region%20noted%20for%20physical%20stasis%2C%20but%20the%20episodic%20ecological%20phenomena%20highlight%20the%20importance%20of%20rare%20events.%20Against%20a%20background%20of%20intermittent%20food%20resources%20and%20the%20low%20metabolic%20costs%20of%20stasis%2C%20understanding%20the%20causes%20of%20irregular%20larval%20supply%2C%20dispersal%20processes%2C%20recruitment%20success%20and%20survivorship%20becomes%20critical%20to%20predicting%20ecosystem%20dynamics%20and%20resilience%20in%20response%20to%20increasing%20environmental%20change.%20Our%20time-series%20emphasizes%20that%20long-term%20data%20collection%20is%20essential%20for%20meaningful%20forecasts%20about%20environmental%20change%20in%20the%20unique%20benthic%20ecosystems%20of%20the%20Antarctic%20shelf.%20%28C%29%202016%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2016.05.001%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-0981%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%2C%22VMQ3KRIH%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-05-03T22%3A56%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22V6UCM6SL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dayton%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Hammerstrom%2C%20K.%2C%20Jarrell%2C%20S.%20C.%2C%20Kim%2C%20S.%2C%20Nordhausen%2C%20W.%2C%20Osborne%2C%20D.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Thrush%2C%20S.%20F.%20%282016%29.%20Unusual%20coastal%20flood%20impacts%20in%20Salmon%20Valley%2C%20McMurdo%20Sound%2C%20Antarctica.%20%3Ci%3EAntarctic%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E28%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20269%26%23x2013%3B275.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2Fs0954102016000171%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2Fs0954102016000171%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Unusual%20coastal%20flood%20impacts%20in%20Salmon%20Valley%2C%20McMurdo%20Sound%2C%20Antarctica%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammerstrom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarrell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nordhausen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Osborne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thrush%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Large%20floods%20bringing%20significant%20sediments%20into%20the%20coastal%20oceans%20have%20not%20been%20observed%20in%20Antarctica.%20We%20report%20evidence%20of%20a%20large%20flood%20event%20depositing%20over%2050%20cm%20of%20sediment%20onto%20the%20nearshore%20benthic%20habitat%20at%20Salmon%20Bay%2C%20Antarctica%2C%20between%201990%20and%202010.%20Besides%20direct%20observations%20of%20the%20sedimentation%2C%20the%20evidence%20involves%20a%20debris%20flow%20covering%20old%20tyre%20tracks%20from%20the%20early%201960s%2C%20as%20well%20as%20evidence%20of%20a%20considerable%20amount%20of%20sediment%20transported%20onto%20the%20Salmon%20Creek%20delta.%20We%20believe%20that%20the%20flood%20was%20sourced%20from%20the%20Salmon%20Glacier%20and%20possibly%20the%20smaller%20Blackwelder%20Glacier.%20Such%20floods%20will%20be%20more%20common%20in%20the%20future%20and%20it%20is%20important%20to%20better%20understand%20their%20ecological%20impacts%20with%20good%20monitoring%20programmes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1017%5C%2Fs0954102016000171%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220954-1020%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YVV4AVVA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gocke%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGocke%2C%20C.%2C%20Janussen%2C%20D.%2C%20Reiswig%2C%20H.%20M.%2C%20Jarrell%2C%20S.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282015%29.%20%3Ci%3ERossella%20podagrosa%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20Kirkpatrick%2C%201907%3A%20A%20valid%20species%20after%20all.%20%3Ci%3EZootaxa%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E4021%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20169%26%23x2013%3B177.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22%3Ci%3ERossella%20podagrosa%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20Kirkpatrick%2C%201907%3A%20A%20valid%20species%20after%20all%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gocke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Janussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reiswig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarrell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20this%20study%20we%20provide%20evidence%20that%20the%20species%20Rossella%20podagrosa%20Kirkpatrick%2C%201907%2C%20commonly%20considered%20a%20synonym%20of%20Rossella%20racovitzae%20Topsent%2C%201901%2C%20is%20truly%20a%20valid%20species.%20We%20show%20that%20it%20can%20be%20clearly%20distinguished%20from%20other%20species%20especially%20when%20taking%20into%20consideration%20the%20in%20situ%20habitus%20of%20the%20sponge%20in%20combination%20with%20the%20spicules.%20Furthermore%20we%20demonstrate%20the%20weaknesses%20in%20the%20so%20far%20published%20synonymy%20concept%20for%20the%20very%20complicated%20genus%20Rossella%20Carter%2C%201872.%20From%20this%20we%20conclude%20that%20the%20best%20strategy%20for%20further%20analysis%20of%20Rossella%20and%20establishment%20of%20acceptable%20synonymies%20will%20need%20to%20be%20based%20on%20detailed%20examination%20of%20the%20spicules%2C%20the%20holotypes%2C%20and%20in%20situ%20habitus.%20When%20possible%20it%20will%20be%20useful%20to%20analyze%20specimens%20from%20all%20Antarctic%20oceanographic%20regions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221175-5326%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22C8ZZLLJL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Herzka%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHerzka%2C%20S.%20Z.%2C%20Mellink%2C%20E.%2C%20Talley%2C%20D.%20M.%2C%20Huxel%2C%20G.%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282013%29.%20Stable%20isotope%20ratios%20of%20egg%20albumen%20of%20three%20waterbird%20species%20nesting%20in%20the%20Colorado%20River%20Delta%20indicate%20differences%20in%20foraging%20ground%20and%20isotopic%20niche%20breadth.%20%3Ci%3EAquatic%20Conservation-Marine%20and%20Freshwater%20Ecosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20546%26%23x2013%3B563.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Faqc.2326%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Faqc.2326%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Stable%20isotope%20ratios%20of%20egg%20albumen%20of%20three%20waterbird%20species%20nesting%20in%20the%20Colorado%20River%20Delta%20indicate%20differences%20in%20foraging%20ground%20and%20isotopic%20niche%20breadth%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Herzka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mellink%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huxel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%221.%20The%20Colorado%20River%20Delta%20is%20one%20of%20the%20most%20impacted%20wetland%20systems%20in%20the%20world%20and%20has%20experienced%20massive%20habitat%20loss%20owing%20to%20severe%20restrictions%20in%20freshwater%20inflow%20as%20a%20result%20of%20dam%20construction%20and%20diversion%20of%20water%20for%20irrigation.%20However%2C%20the%20delta%20still%20offers%20nesting%20and%20foraging%20habitats%20for%20waterbirds%2C%20although%20the%20habitats%20available%20are%20highly%20fragmented%20and%20limited.%202.%20Stable%20isotope%20ratio%20%28SIR%29%20analysis%20was%20used%20to%20assess%20quantitatively%20isotopic%20niche%20width%20of%20gull-billed%20terns%20%28Gelochelidon%20nilotica%29%2C%20laughing%20gulls%20%28Leucophaeus%20atricilla%29%20and%20snowy%20egrets%20%28Egreta%20thula%29%20that%20nest%20at%20an%20inland%20and%20coastal%20location.%203.%20The%20variance%20in%20carbon%20and%20nitrogen%20SIR%20of%20egg%20albumen%20indicated%20that%20inland%20colonies%20have%20a%20much%20broader%20isotope%20niche%20width%20%28range%202.9%20to%2023.9%29%20than%20coastal%20colonies%20%28%3C0.1%20to%201.4%29.%204.%20Species-specific%20mean%20albumen%20delta%20C-13%20values%20from%20inland%20nests%20were%20significantly%20more%20depleted%20in%20C-13%20than%20coastal%20colonies%20%28-19.5%20to%20-23.1%20parts%20per%20thousand%20and%20-10.4%20to%20-14.9%20parts%20per%20thousand%2C%20respectively%29.%20Comparison%20of%20albumen%20delta%20C-13%20values%20corrected%20for%20trophic%20fractionation%20with%20those%20of%20potential%20prey%20and%20primary%20producers%20collected%20at%2010%20potential%20foraging%20grounds%20indicates%20that%20females%20of%20the%20three%20species%20that%20nest%20in%20inland%20colonies%20did%20not%20feed%20in%20habitats%20located%20in%20the%20vicinity%20of%20their%20nesting%20site%2C%20while%20coastal%20colonies%20had%20distinct%20isotopic%20signatures%20reflecting%20marine%20primary%20production.%20Inland%20colonies%20probably%20forage%20in%20a%20variety%20of%20habitats%20and%20for%20different%20prey%2C%20relying%20on%20food%20webs%20based%20mostly%20on%20C3%20terrestrial%20plants.%205.%20Differences%20in%20the%20isotopic%20composition%20of%20eggs%20from%20species%20nesting%20in%20the%20same%20area%20and%20between%20conspecifics%20nesting%20in%20different%20habitats%20indicate%20that%20foraging%20habitats%20vary%20substantially%2C%20suggesting%20that%20feeding%20varies%20as%20a%20function%20of%20local%20resource%20availability.%206.%20These%20results%20suggest%20that%20a%20variety%20of%20habitat%20types%20fulfill%20the%20foraging%20needs%20of%20this%20suite%20of%20nesting%20waterbird%20species%2C%20especially%20in%20inland%20colonies.%20Since%20the%20specific%20feeding%20areas%20of%20nesting%20females%20from%20the%20inland%20colonies%20have%20not%20been%20identified%2C%20protection%20of%20the%20remaining%20wetlands%20within%20the%20Colorado%20River%20Delta%20is%20warranted.%20Copyright%20%28c%29%202013%20John%20Wiley%20%26%20Sons%2C%20Ltd.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Faqc.2326%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221052-7613%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GNT2BDMS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Christian%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EChristian%2C%20C.%2C%20Ainley%2C%20D.%2C%20Bailey%2C%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%2C%20Hocevar%2C%20J.%2C%20LeVine%2C%20M.%2C%20Nikoloyuk%2C%20J.%2C%20Nouvian%2C%20C.%2C%20Velarde%2C%20E.%2C%20Werner%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jacquet%2C%20J.%20%282013%29.%20A%20review%20of%20formal%20objections%20to%20Marine%20Stewardship%20Council%20fisheries%20certifications.%20%3Ci%3EBiological%20Conservation%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E161%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2010%26%23x2013%3B17.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.biocon.2013.01.002%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.biocon.2013.01.002%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20review%20of%20formal%20objections%20to%20Marine%20Stewardship%20Council%20fisheries%20certifications%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Christian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ainley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bailey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hocevar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22LeVine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nikoloyuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nouvian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Velarde%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Werner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jacquet%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Marine%20Stewardship%20Council%20%28MSC%29%20was%20created%20as%20a%20conservation%20tool%20-%20intended%20to%20provide%20%5C%22the%20best%20environmental%20choice%20in%20seafood%5C%22%20to%20consumers%20and%20to%20create%20positive%20incentives%20that%20would%20improve%20the%20status%20and%20management%20of%20fisheries.%20During%20its%2015%20years%2C%20the%20MSC%2C%20which%20has%20an%20annual%20budget%20of%20close%20to%20US%2420%20million%2C%20has%20attached%20its%20logo%20to%20more%20than%20170%20fisheries.%20These%20certifications%20have%20not%20occurred%20without%20protest.%20Despite%20high%20costs%20and%20difficult%20procedures%2C%20conservation%20organizations%20and%20other%20groups%20have%20filed%20and%20paid%20for%2019%20formal%20objections%20to%20MSC%20fisheries%20certifications.%20Only%20one%20objection%20has%20been%20upheld%20such%20that%20the%20fishery%20was%20not%20certified.%20Here%2C%20we%20collate%20and%20summarize%20these%20objections%20and%20the%20major%20concerns%20as%20they%20relate%20to%20the%20MSC%27s%20three%20main%20principles%3A%20sustainability%20of%20the%20target%20fish%20stock%2C%20low%20impacts%20on%20the%20ecosystem%2C%20and%20effective%2C%20responsive%20management.%20An%20analysis%20of%20the%20formal%20objections%20indicates%20that%20the%20MSC%27s%20principles%20for%20sustainable%20fishing%20are%20too%20lenient%20and%20discretionary%2C%20and%20allow%20for%20overly%20generous%20interpretation%20by%20third-party%20certifiers%20and%20adjudicators%2C%20which%20means%20that%20the%20MSC%20label%20may%20be%20misleading%20both%20consumers%20and%20conservation%20funders.%20%28C%29%202013%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.biocon.2013.01.002%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220006-3207%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JJWDIKKW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dayton%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Kim%2C%20S.%2C%20Jarrell%2C%20S.%20C.%2C%20Oliver%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Hammerstrom%2C%20K.%2C%20Fisher%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BConnor%2C%20K.%2C%20Barber%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Robilliard%2C%20G.%2C%20Barry%2C%20J.%2C%20Thurber%2C%20A.%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Conlan%2C%20K.%20%282013%29.%20Recruitment%2C%20Growth%20and%20Mortality%20of%20an%20Antarctic%20Hexactinellid%20Sponge%2C%20Anoxycalyx%20joubini.%20%3Ci%3EPLOS%20ONE%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E8%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0056939%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0056939%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Recruitment%2C%20Growth%20and%20Mortality%20of%20an%20Antarctic%20Hexactinellid%20Sponge%2C%20Anoxycalyx%20joubini%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarrell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Oliver%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammerstrom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fisher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Connor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robilliard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thurber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Conlan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Polar%20ecosystems%20are%20sensitive%20to%20climate%20forcing%2C%20and%20we%20often%20lack%20baselines%20to%20evaluate%20changes.%20Here%20we%20report%20a%20nearly%2050-year%20study%20in%20which%20a%20sudden%20shift%20in%20the%20population%20dynamics%20of%20an%20ecologically%20important%2C%20structure-forming%20hexactinellid%20sponge%2C%20Anoxycalyx%20joubini%20was%20observed.%20This%20is%20the%20largest%20Antarctic%20sponge%2C%20with%20individuals%20growing%20over%20two%20meters%20tall.%20In%20order%20to%20investigate%20life%20history%20characteristics%20of%20Antarctic%20marine%20invertebrates%2C%20artificial%20substrata%20were%20deployed%20at%20a%20number%20of%20sites%20in%20the%20southern%20portion%20of%20the%20Ross%20Sea%20between%201967%20and%201975.%20Over%20a%2022-year%20period%2C%20no%20growth%20or%20settlement%20was%20recorded%20for%20A.%20joubini%20on%20these%20substrata%3B%20however%2C%20in%202004%20and%202010%2C%20A.%20joubini%20was%20observed%20to%20have%20settled%20and%20grown%20to%20large%20sizes%20on%20some%20but%20not%20all%20artificial%20substrata.%20This%20single%20settlement%20and%20growth%20event%20correlates%20with%20a%20region-wide%20shift%20in%20phytoplankton%20productivity%20driven%20by%20the%20calving%20of%20a%20massive%20iceberg.%20We%20also%20report%20almost%20complete%20mortality%20of%20large%20sponges%20followed%20over%2040%20years.%20Given%20our%20warming%20global%20climate%2C%20similar%20system-wide%20changes%20are%20expected%20in%20the%20future.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0056939%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221932-6203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HL4ET5H7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Konotchick%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKonotchick%2C%20T.%2C%20Parnell%2C%20P.%20E.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Leichter%2C%20J.%20J.%20%282012%29.%20Vertical%20distribution%20of%20%3Ci%3EMacrocystis%20pyrifera%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20nutrient%20exposure%20in%20southern%20California.%20%3Ci%3EEstuarine%20Coastal%20and%20Shelf%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E106%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2085%26%23x2013%3B92.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ecss.2012.04.026%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ecss.2012.04.026%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Vertical%20distribution%20of%20%3Ci%3EMacrocystis%20pyrifera%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20nutrient%20exposure%20in%20southern%20California%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Konotchick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leichter%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20examined%20water%20column%20temperature%20time%20series%20profiles%20for%20several%20years%20at%20two%20locations%20in%20a%20single%20kelp%20%28Macrocystis%20pyrifera%29%20forest%20to%20characterize%20the%20alongshore%20variability%20of%20the%20nutrient%20climate%20that%20giant%20kelp%20is%20exposed%20to%20and%20compare%20it%20to%20the%20response%20of%20giant%20kelp.%20The%20differences%20in%20nutrient%20climate%20are%20due%20to%20differential%20alongshore%20vertical%20variations%20in%20temperature%2C%20a%20well-established%20proxy%20of%20nitrate%2C%20due%20to%20the%20topographically%20induced%20internal%20wave%20dynamics%20within%20the%20kelp%20forest.%20We%20observed%20the%20greatest%20temperature%20variability%20during%20summer%20and%20most%20of%20this%20variability%20occurred%20near%20the%20surface.%20The%2014.5%20degrees%20C%20isotherm%2C%20indicating%20the%20presence%20of%20nitrate%2C%20ranged%20the%20entire%20vertical%20extent%20of%20the%20water%20column%2C%20and%20was%20shallowest%20during%20the%20winter%20and%20in%20the%20southern%20portion%20of%20the%20kelp%20forest.%20Predicted%20water%20column%20integrated%20nitrate%20varies%20from%200%20mu%20mol%20NO3-%5C%2Fm%282%29%20to%20431%20mu%20mol%20NO3-%5C%2Fm%282%29%20yielding%20a%20time%20series%20daily%20average%20of%200.12%20gN%5C%2Fm%282%29day%20%28North%20La%20Jolla%29%20and%200.18%20gN%5C%2Fm%282%29day%20%28South%20La%20Jolla%29.%20Redfield%20conversion%20of%20these%20values%20puts%20the%20time%20series%20daily%20average%20for%20carbon%20production%20%28upper%20limit%29%20between%200.8%20and%201.2%20gC%5C%2Fm%282%29day%20for%20the%20north%20and%20south%20parts%20of%20the%20bed%20respectively%2C%20and%20shows%20considerable%20variation%20at%20several%20time%20scales.%20Giant%20kelp%20in%20the%20southern%20portion%20of%20the%20forest%20exhibited%20greater%20stipe%20densities%20%28a%20proxy%20for%20kelp%20production%29%20than%20individuals%20in%20the%20northern%20portion%2C%20corresponding%20with%20the%20alongshore%20nutrient%20climate%20variability.%20The%20depth%20of%20the%20nutricline%20varied%20by%20up%20to%2010%20m%20over%20time%20scales%20as%20short%20as%20hours.%20Variability%20was%20greatest%20at%20diurnal%20and%20semi-diurnal%20frequencies%2C%20with%20shallower%20water%20column%20depths%20showing%20greatest%20variability.%20These%20depth-specific%20variations%20in%20temperature%20and%20nutrient%20exposure%20may%20have%20biologically%20important%20consequences%20for%20M.%20pyrifera%20especially%20during%20low%20nutrient%20seasons.%20%28C%29%202012%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.ecss.2012.04.026%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220272-7714%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BKZI4U64%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sala%20and%20Dayton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESala%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282011%29.%20Predicting%20strong%20community%20impacts%20using%20experimental%20estimates%20of%20per%20capita%20interaction%20strength%3A%20benthic%20herbivores%20and%20giant%20kelp%20recruitment.%20%3Ci%3EMarine%20Ecology-an%20Evolutionary%20Perspective%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E32%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20300%26%23x2013%3B312.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1439-0485.2011.00471.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1439-0485.2011.00471.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Predicting%20strong%20community%20impacts%20using%20experimental%20estimates%20of%20per%20capita%20interaction%20strength%3A%20benthic%20herbivores%20and%20giant%20kelp%20recruitment%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sala%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20estimation%20of%20the%20strength%20of%20the%20interaction%20between%20species%20is%20key%20for%20understanding%20the%20organization%20of%20ecological%20communities.%20Although%20experimental%20and%20observational%20studies%20have%20estimated%20per%20capita%20interaction%20strength%20for%20individual%20consumers%2C%20no%20previous%20study%20has%20used%20such%20estimates%20for%20predicting%20the%20impact%20of%20a%20community%20of%20consumers%20on%20their%20prey%20in%20the%20field.%20Here%20we%20evaluate%20experimental%20estimates%20of%20per%20capita%20interaction%20strength%20and%20impact%20of%20consumers%20on%20prey%20by%20comparing%20our%20impact%20predictions%20with%20real-time%20series%20of%20prey%20abundance.%20We%20conducted%20aquarium%20experiments%20to%20estimate%20the%20effects%20of%20seven%20herbivore%20species%20on%20survival%20of%20early%20life%20stages%20%28microscopic%20sporophytes%29%20of%20the%20giant%20kelp%2C%20Macrocystis%20pyrifera.%20We%20also%20estimated%20the%20impact%20of%20a%20community%20of%20herbivores%20on%20a%20cohort%20of%20kelp%20sporophytes%20using%20time%20series%20%281983-2000%29%20of%20herbivore%20abundance%20in%20the%20Point%20Loma%2C%20San%20Diego%20%28California%29%2C%20kelp%20forest.%20The%20underlying%20assumption%20was%20that%20maximum%20herbivore%20impact%20on%20microscopic%20recruits%20is%20realized%20only%20after%20a%20disturbance%20removes%20the%20giant%20kelp%20plants%20and%20thus%20releases%20the%20recruits.%20Our%20model%20was%20successful%20in%20predicting%20the%20prevention%20of%20giant%20kelp%20recruitment%2C%20which%20occurred%20when%20the%20abundance%20of%20weak%20interactors%20increased%20above%20a%20threshold.%20These%20results%20indicate%20that%20experimental%20estimates%20of%20maximum%20per%20capita%20interaction%20strength%20can%20be%20used%20to%20predict%20strong%20consumer%20impacts.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Sep%202011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1439-0485.2011.00471.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220173-9565%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ULF7RRWI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EParnell%2C%20P.%20E.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Fisher%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20Loarie%2C%20C.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Darrow%2C%20R.%20D.%20%282010%29.%20Spatial%20patterns%20of%20fishing%20effort%20off%20San%20Diego%3A%20implications%20for%20zonal%20management%20and%20ecosystem%20function.%20%3Ci%3EEcological%20Applications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E20%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%202203%26%23x2013%3B2222.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F09-1543.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F09-1543.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Spatial%20patterns%20of%20fishing%20effort%20off%20San%20Diego%3A%20implications%20for%20zonal%20management%20and%20ecosystem%20function%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fisher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loarie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Darrow%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20essence%20of%20ecosystem-based%20management%20is%20managing%20human%20practices%20to%20conserve%20the%20ecosystem.%20Ecologists%20focus%20on%20understanding%20the%20ecosystem%2C%20but%20there%20are%20fundamental%20information%20gaps%20including%20patterns%20of%20human%20exploitation.%20In%20particular%2C%20the%20spatial%20distribution%20of%20fishing%20effort%20must%20be%20known%20at%20the%20scales%20needed%20for%20ecologically%20relevant%20management.%20Fishing%20is%20a%20primary%20impact%20on%20coastal%20ecosystems%2C%20yet%20catch%20distribution%20at%20scales%20relevant%20to%20habitats%20and%20processes%20are%20not%20well%20known%20for%20many%20fisheries.%20Here%20we%20utilized%20photographic%20time%20series%2C%20logbook%20records%2C%20and%20angler%20surveys%20to%20estimate%20the%20intensity%20and%20spatial%20pattern%20of%20commercial%20and%20recreational%20fishing.%20Effort%20was%20clearly%20aggregated%20for%20most%20types%20of%20fishing%2C%20the%20motivating%20factors%20for%20effort%20distribution%20varied%20among%20areas%2C%20and%20effort%20was%20coupled%20or%20uncoupled%20to%20habitat%20depending%20on%20the%20area%20and%20type%20of%20fishing.%20We%20estimated%20that%20similar%20to%2060%25%20and%20similar%20to%2074%25%20of%20private%20recreational%20and%20recreational%20charter%20vessel%20fishing%20effort%2C%20respectively%2C%20were%20concentrated%20into%20two%20small%20areas%20that%20also%20included%20similar%20to%2078%25%20of%20commercial%20sea%20urchin%20effort.%20Exploitation%20and%20effort%20were%20considerably%20greater%20in%20one%20kelp%20forest%2C%20which%20has%20important%20implications%20for%20patterns%20of%20kelp%20persistence%2C%20productivity%2C%20and%20ecosystem%20function.%20Areas%20subject%20to%20the%20greatest%20recreational%20fishing%20pressure%20appeared%20to%20have%20lower%20diversity.%20Our%20results%20indicate%20that%20fine-scale%20patterns%20of%20fishing%20effort%20and%20exploitation%20have%20profound%20consequences%20for%20ecosystem%20functioning%20and%20biodiversity.%20Ecosystem-based%20management%20of%20nearshore%20ecosystems%20depends%20on%20an%20understanding%20of%20the%20fine-scale%20patterns%20of%20exploitation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1890%5C%2F09-1543.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-0761%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZTQA8JGB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EParnell%2C%20P.%20E.%2C%20Miller%2C%20E.%20F.%2C%20Lennert-Cody%2C%20C.%20E.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Carter%2C%20M.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Stebbins%2C%20T.%20D.%20%282010%29.%20The%20response%20of%20giant%20kelp%20%28%3Ci%3EMacrocystis%20pyrifera%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%29%20in%20southern%20California%20to%20low-frequency%20climate%20forcing.%20%3Ci%3ELimnology%20and%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E55%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%202686%26%23x2013%3B2702.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.4319%5C%2Flo.2010.55.6.2686%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.4319%5C%2Flo.2010.55.6.2686%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20response%20of%20giant%20kelp%20%28%3Ci%3EMacrocystis%20pyrifera%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%29%20in%20southern%20California%20to%20low-frequency%20climate%20forcing%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lennert-Cody%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stebbins%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20nutrient%20climate%20on%20the%20inner%20shelf%20off%20southern%20California%20changed%20markedly%20across%20the%201976-1977%20North%20Pacific%20climate%20regime%20shift.%20With%20respect%20to%20giant%20kelp%20%28Macrocystis%20pyrifera%29%20canopies%20off%20southern%20California%2C%20the%20nitrate%20climate%20shifted%20from%20relatively%20replete%20conditions%20prior%20to%20the%20regime%20shift%20to%20depleted%20conditions%20afterward%2C%20and%20the%20dynamics%20of%2014%20giant%20kelp%20forests%20appeared%20to%20change%20as%20a%20result.%20The%20response%20of%20giant%20kelp%20to%20nutrient-replete%20years%20before%20the%20regime%20shift%20was%20dampened%20compared%20to%20their%20response%20afterward.%20The%20sensitivity%20of%20these%20kelp-forest%20canopies%20to%20nutrient%20limitation%20appears%20to%20have%20increased%20since%20the%20regime%20shift.%20This%20intensification%20of%20physical%20control%20after%201977%20is%20evident%20in%20the%20strong%20correlation%20of%20seawater%20density%20%28sigma%28t%29%29%20and%20M.%20pyrifera%20density.%20The%20linear%20fit%20of%20the%20percent%20of%20time%20the%2025.1%20sigma%28t%29%20isopycnal%20bathes%20the%20inner%20shelf%2C%20accounted%20for%20similar%20to%2071%25%20of%20the%20variability%20in%20kelp%20density%20off%20Point%20Loma%2C%20and%20the%20median%20depth%20of%20this%20isopycnal%20has%20deepened%20similar%20to%205%20m%20since%20the%20regime%20shift.%20The%20wave%20climate%20also%20intensified%20beginning%20in%20the%20early%201970s.%20The%20dampened%20kelp%20response%20prior%20to%20the%20regime%20shift%20was%20likely%20due%20to%20greater%20biological%20control%20of%20kelp%20canopies%20via%20consumer%20and%20competitive%20processes%20%28i.e.%2C%20biological%20modulation%29%20or%20decreased%20physical%20control%20at%20possibly%20many%20trophic%20levels.%20Our%20results%20suggest%20that%20the%20response%20of%20kelp%20forests%20to%20El%20Nino%20Southern%20Oscillation%20events%20is%20mediated%20by%20lower%20frequency%20climate%20modes%20that%20may%20modulate%20the%20regulatory%20importance%20of%20biological%20and%20physical%20processes%20on%20giant%20kelp.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Nov%202010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.4319%5C%2Flo.2010.55.6.2686%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220024-3590%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BRMPVDVN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thrush%20and%20Dayton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThrush%2C%20S.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282010%29.%20What%20can%20ecology%20contribute%20to%20ecosystem-based%20management%3F%20In%20%3Ci%3EAnnual%20Review%20of%20Marine%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28Vol.%202%2C%20pp.%20419%26%23x2013%3B441%29.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22What%20can%20ecology%20contribute%20to%20ecosystem-based%20management%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thrush%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Modern%20fishing%20changes%20the%20ocean%20environment%20in%20many%20ways%2C%20including%20disturbing%20the%20sea%20floor%2C%20altering%20the%20food%20webs%2C%20and%20shifting%20many%20important%20ecosystem%20functions.%20Natural%20history%2C%20oceanographic%2C%20habitat%2C%20behavior%2C%20and%20ecological%20information%20must%20be%20integrated%20to%20implement%20meaningful%20ecosystem-based%20management.%20We%20discuss%20the%20urgent%20need%20to%20expand%20the%20concept%20of%20essential%20fish%20habitat%20to%20include%20important%20food-web%20relationships.%20The%20need%20for%20a%20broader%20perspective%20in%20terms%20of%20ecosystem%20function%20and%20the%20effects%20of%20interactive%20stressors%20is%20emphasized%20to%20in%20maintain%20the%20vitality%20and%20resilience%20of%20valued%20ecosystems.%20Maintenance%20of%20multiple%20ecosystem%20functions%20is%20a%20key%20factor%20in%20the%20adaptive%20capacity%20of%20ecosystems%20to%20change.%20We%20argue%20that%20ail%20ecological%20understanding%20of%20resilience%20embraces%20uncertainty%20and%20encourages%20multiple%20approaches%20to%20the%20management%20of%20humans%20such%20that%20ecosystem%20functions%20are%20maintained.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Annual%20Review%20of%20Marine%20Science%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%221941-1405%20978-0-8243-4502-0%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LGJD2HKK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Levin%20and%20Dayton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELevin%2C%20L.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282009%29.%20Ecological%20theory%20and%20continental%20margins%3A%20where%20shallow%20meets%20deep.%20%3Ci%3ETrends%20in%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Evolution%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E24%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2811%29%2C%20606%26%23x2013%3B617.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.tree.2009.04.012%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.tree.2009.04.012%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ecological%20theory%20and%20continental%20margins%3A%20where%20shallow%20meets%20deep%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Levin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Continental%20margins%2C%20where%20land%20becomes%20ocean%20and%20plunges%20to%20the%20deep%20sea%2C%20provide%20valuable%20food%20and%20energy%20resources%2C%20and%20perform%20essential%20functions%20such%20as%20carbon%20burial%20and%20nutrient%20cycling.%20They%20exhibit%20remarkably%20high%20species%20and%20habitat%20diversity%2C%20but%20this%20is%20threatened%20by%20our%20increasing%20reliance%20on%20the%20resources%20that%20margins%20provide%2C%20and%20by%20warming%2C%20expanding%20hypoxia%20and%20acidification%20associated%20with%20climate%20change.%20Continental%20margin%20ecosystems%2C%20with%20environments%2C%20constituents%20and%20processes%20that%20differ%20from%20those%20in%20shallow%20water%2C%20demand%20a%20new%20focus%2C%20in%20which%20ecological%20theory%20and%20experimental%20methods%20are%20brought%20to%20bear%20on%20management%20and%20conservation%20practices.%20Concepts%20of%20disturbance%2C%20diversity-function%20relationships%2C%20top-down%20versus%20bottom-up%20control%2C%20facilitation%20and%20meta-dynamics%20offer%20a%20framework%20for%20studying%20fundamental%20processes%20and%20understanding%20future%20change.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Nov%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.tree.2009.04.012%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220169-5347%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2233IEJG3T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thrush%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-09-22%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThrush%2C%20S.%20F.%2C%20Hewitt%2C%20J.%20E.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Coco%2C%20G.%2C%20Lohrer%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Norkko%2C%20A.%2C%20Norkko%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Chiantore%2C%20M.%20%282009%29.%20Forecasting%20the%20limits%20of%20resilience%3A%20integrating%20empirical%20research%20with%20theory.%20%3Ci%3EProceedings%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20B-Biological%20Sciences%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E276%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281671%29%2C%203209%26%23x2013%3B3217.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frspb.2009.0661%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frspb.2009.0661%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Forecasting%20the%20limits%20of%20resilience%3A%20integrating%20empirical%20research%20with%20theory%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thrush%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Judi%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hewitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Giovanni%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Coco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrew%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lohrer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alf%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Norkko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joanna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Norkko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mariachiara%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chiantore%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Despite%20the%20increasing%20evidence%20of%20drastic%20and%20profound%20changes%20in%20many%20ecosystems%2C%20often%20referred%20to%20as%20regime%20shifts%2C%20we%20have%20little%20ability%20to%20understand%20the%20processes%20that%20provide%20insurance%20against%20such%20change%20%28resilience%29.%20Modelling%20studies%20have%20suggested%20that%20increased%20variance%20may%20foreshadow%20a%20regime%20shift%2C%20but%20this%20requires%20long-term%20data%20and%20knowledge%20of%20the%20functional%20links%20between%20key%20processes.%20Field-based%20research%20and%20ground-truthing%20is%20an%20essential%20part%20of%20the%20heuristic%20that%20marries%20theoretical%20and%20empirical%20research%2C%20but%20experimental%20studies%20of%20resilience%20are%20lagging%20behind%20theory%2C%20management%20and%20policy%20requirements.%20Empirically%2C%20ecological%20resilience%20must%20be%20understood%20in%20terms%20of%20community%20dynamics%20and%20the%20potential%20for%20small%20shifts%20in%20environmental%20forcing%20to%20break%20the%20feedbacks%20that%20support%20resilience.%20Here%2C%20we%20integrate%20recent%20theory%20and%20empirical%20data%20to%20identify%20ways%20we%20might%20define%20and%20understand%20potential%20thresholds%20in%20the%20resilience%20of%20nature%2C%20and%20thus%20the%20potential%20for%20regime%20shifts%2C%20by%20focusing%20on%20the%20roles%20of%20strong%20and%20weak%20interactions%2C%20linkages%20in%20meta-communities%2C%20and%20positive%20feedbacks%20between%20these%20and%20environmental%20drivers.%20The%20challenge%20to%20theoretical%20and%20field%20ecologists%20is%20to%20make%20the%20shift%20from%20hindsight%20to%20a%20more%20predictive%20science%20that%20is%20able%20to%20assist%20in%20the%20implementation%20of%20ecosystem-based%20management.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Sep%2022%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1098%5C%2Frspb.2009.0661%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220962-8452%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HFADFSM7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Braje%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBraje%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Erlandson%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20Rick%2C%20T.%20C.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hatch%2C%20M.%20B.%20A.%20%282009%29.%20Fishing%20from%20past%20to%20present%3A%20continuity%20and%20resilience%20of%20red%20abalone%20fisheries%20on%20the%20Channel%20Islands%2C%20California.%20%3Ci%3EEcological%20Applications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E19%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20906%26%23x2013%3B919.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F08-0135.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F08-0135.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fishing%20from%20past%20to%20present%3A%20continuity%20and%20resilience%20of%20red%20abalone%20fisheries%20on%20the%20Channel%20Islands%2C%20California%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Todd%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Braje%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jon%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Erlandson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Torben%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marco%20B.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hatch%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Archaeological%20data%20from%20coastal%20shell%20middens%20provide%20a%20window%20into%20the%20structure%20of%20ancient%20marine%20ecosystems%20and%20the%20nature%20of%20human%20impacts%20on%20fisheries%20that%20often%20span%20millennia.%20For%20decades%20Channel%20Island%20archaeologists%20have%20studied%20Middle%20Holocene%20shell%20middens%20visually%20dominated%20by%20large%20and%20often%20whole%20shells%20of%20the%20red%20abalone%20%28Haliotis%20rufescens%29.%20Here%20we%20use%20modern%20ecological%20data%2C%20historical%20accounts%2C%20commercial%20red%20abalone%20catch%20records%2C%20and%20zooarchaeological%20data%20to%20examine%20long-term%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20variation%20in%20the%20productivity%20of%20red%20abalone%20fisheries%20on%20the%20Northern%20Channel%20Islands%2C%20California%20%28USA%29.%20Historical%20patterns%20of%20abundance%2C%20in%20which%20red%20abalone%20densities%20increase%20from%20east%20to%20west%20through%20the%20islands%2C%20extend%20deep%20into%20the%20Holocene.%20The%20correlation%20of%20historical%20and%20archaeological%20data%20argue%20for%20long-term%20spatial%20continuity%20in%20productive%20red%20abalone%20fisheries%20and%20a%20resilience%20of%20abalone%20populations%20despite%20dramatic%20ecological%20changes%20and%20intensive%20human%20predation%20spanning%20more%20than%208000%20years.%20Archaeological%2C%20historical%2C%20and%20ecological%20data%20suggest%20that%20California%20kelp%20forests%20and%20red%20abalone%20populations%20are%20structured%20by%20a%20complex%20combination%20of%20top-down%20and%20bottom-up%20controls.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1890%5C%2F08-0135.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-0761%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22V24PPPTA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Auster%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAuster%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Fujita%2C%20R.%2C%20Kellert%2C%20S.%20R.%2C%20Avise%2C%20J.%2C%20Campagna%2C%20C.%2C%20Cuker%2C%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%2C%20Heneman%2C%20B.%2C%20Kenchington%2C%20R.%2C%20Stone%2C%20G.%2C%20Di%20Sciara%2C%20G.%20N.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Glynn%2C%20P.%20%282009%29.%20Developing%20an%20ocean%20ethic%3A%20science%2C%20utility%2C%20aesthetics%2C%20self-interest%2C%20and%20different%20ways%20of%20knowing.%20%3Ci%3EConservation%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20233%26%23x2013%3B235.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1523-1739.2008.01057.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1523-1739.2008.01057.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Developing%20an%20ocean%20ethic%3A%20science%2C%20utility%2C%20aesthetics%2C%20self-interest%2C%20and%20different%20ways%20of%20knowing%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Auster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fujita%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kellert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Avise%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campagna%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cuker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heneman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kenchington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Di%20Sciara%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Glynn%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1523-1739.2008.01057.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220888-8892%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22K7EDXYJC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EParnell%2C%20P.%20E.%2C%20Groce%2C%20A.%20K.%2C%20Stebbins%2C%20T.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282008%29.%20Discriminating%20sources%20of%20PCB%20contamination%20in%20fish%20on%20the%20coastal%20shelf%20off%20San%20Diego%2C%20California%20%28USA%29.%20%3Ci%3EMarine%20Pollution%20Bulletin%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E56%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29%2C%201992%26%23x2013%3B2002.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marpolbul.2008.08.023%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marpolbul.2008.08.023%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Discriminating%20sources%20of%20PCB%20contamination%20in%20fish%20on%20the%20coastal%20shelf%20off%20San%20Diego%2C%20California%20%28USA%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Groce%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stebbins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Management%20of%20coastal%20ecosystems%20necessitates%20the%20evaluation%20of%20pollutant%20loading%20based%20on%20adequate%20source%20discrimination.%20Monitoring%20of%20sediments%20and%20fish%20on%20the%20shelf%20off%20San%20Diego%20has%20shown%20that%20some%20areas%20on%20the%20shelf%20are%20contaminated%20with%20polychlorinated%20biphenyls%20%28PCBs%29.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20an%20analysis%20of%20PCB%20contamination%20in%20fish%20on%20the%20shelf%20off%20San%20Diego%20designed%20to%20discriminate%20possible%20sources.%20The%20analysis%20was%20complicated%20by%20the%20variability%20of%20species%20available%20for%20analysis%20across%20the%20shelf%2C%20variable%20affinities%20of%20PCBs%20among%20species%2C%20and%20non-detects%20in%20the%20data.%20We%20utilized%20survival%20regression%20analysis%20to%20account%20for%20these%20complications.%20We%20also%20examined%20spatial%20patterns%20of%20PCBs%20in%20bay%20and%20offshore%20sediments%20and%20reviewed%20more%20than%2020%20years%20of%20influent%20and%20effluent%20data%20for%20local%20wastewater%20treatment%20facilities.%20We%20conclude%20that%20most%20PCB%20contamination%20in%20shelf%20sediments%20and%20fish%20is%20due%20to%20the%20ongoing%20practice%20of%20dumping%20contaminated%20sediments%20dredged%20from%20San%20Diego%20Bay.%20%28C%29%202008%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.marpolbul.2008.08.023%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220025-326X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HLSTSXQC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hewitt%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHewitt%2C%20J.%20E.%2C%20Thrush%2C%20S.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20D.%20%282008%29.%20Habitat%20variation%2C%20species%20diversity%20and%20ecological%20functioning%20in%20a%20marine%20system.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Experimental%20Marine%20Biology%20and%20Ecology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E366%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%26%23x2013%3B2%29%2C%20116%26%23x2013%3B122.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2008.07.016%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2008.07.016%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Habitat%20variation%2C%20species%20diversity%20and%20ecological%20functioning%20in%20a%20marine%20system%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hewitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thrush%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20expectation%20that%20long-term%2C%20broad-scale%20changes%20in%20the%20relative%20abundance%20of%20species%2C%20homogenisation%20of%20habitats%20and%20decreases%20in%20diversity%20will%20affect%20ecosystem%20function%20has%20led%20to%20an%20increasing%20number%20of%20studies%20on%20functional%20diversity%20and%20composition.%20Such%20studies%20frequently%20consider%20the%20effect%20of%20environmental%20gradients%20and%20anthropogenic%20impacts%2C%20but%20rarely%20the%20effect%20of%20biogenic%20habitat%20variation.%20In%20marine%20soft-sediment%20systems%2C%20habitat%20variability%20is%20likely%20to%20be%20of%20particular%20importance%20because%20of%20the%20strong%20link%20between%20habitat%20and%20species%20diversity.%20In%20this%20study%20we%20examine%20the%20link%20between%20functional%20trait%20diversity%20%28as%20richness%20and%20evenness%29%20and%20composition%2C%20and%20habitat%20variation%20in%20two%20locations%20with%20different%20regional%20species%20pools.%20We%20found%20similar%20functional%20traits%20occurring%20in%20the%20two%20locations%2C%20but%20differences%20between%20habitats%20within%20the%20locations.%20High%20evenness%20within%20traits%20was%20apparent%20%28across%20both%20locations%20and%20habitats%29%20reflecting%20the%20potential%20for%20the%20maintenance%20of%20function%20with%20the%20loss%20of%20individual%20species.%20Between-habitat%20differences%20in%20functional%20traits%20were%20driven%20by%20differences%20in%20organism%20densities%20rather%20than%20the%20presence%5C%2Fabsence%20of%20individual%20traits%2C%20emphasising%20the%20importance%20of%20density%20shifts%20in%20driving%20function.%20Furthermore%2C%20our%20demonstration%20of%20habitat%20variation%20as%20a%20driver%20of%20functional%20composition%20and%20diversity%20suggests%20that%20habitat%20heterogeneity%20should%20be%20explicitly%20included%20within%20studies%20trying%20to%20predict%20the%20effect%20of%20species%20loss%20on%20ecosystem%20function.%20%28C%29%202008%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Nov%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jembe.2008.07.016%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-0981%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KMHD2PI2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Steneck%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESteneck%2C%20R.%20S.%2C%20Bustamante%2C%20R.%20H.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Jones%2C%20G.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hobday%2C%20A.%20J.%20%282008%29.%20%3Ci%3ECurrent%20status%20and%20future%20trends%20in%20kelp%20forest%20ecosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Cambridge%20University%20Press.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Current%20status%20and%20future%20trends%20in%20kelp%20forest%20ecosystems%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steneck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bustamante%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hobday%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22seriesEditor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Polunin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%229780521833271%20%28hbk.%20alk.%20paper%29%200521833272%20%28hbk.%20alk.%20paper%29%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SWMERINX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hewitt%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHewitt%2C%20J.%20E.%2C%20Thrush%2C%20S.%20F.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bonsdorff%2C%20E.%20%282007%29.%20The%20effect%20of%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20heterogeneity%20on%20the%20design%20and%20analysis%20of%20empirical%20studies%20of%20scale-dependent%20systems.%20%3Ci%3EAmerican%20Naturalist%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E169%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20398%26%23x2013%3B408.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1086%5C%2F510925%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1086%5C%2F510925%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20effect%20of%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20heterogeneity%20on%20the%20design%20and%20analysis%20of%20empirical%20studies%20of%20scale-dependent%20systems%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Judi%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hewitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thrush%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Erik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonsdorff%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Processes%20interacting%20across%20scales%20of%20space%20and%20time%20influence%20emergent%20patterns%20in%20ecological%20systems%2C%20but%20to%20obtain%20strong%20inference%20and%20empirical%20generalities%2C%20ecologists%20need%20to%20balance%20reality%20with%20the%20practicalities%20of%20design%20and%20analyses.%20This%20article%20discusses%20heterogeneity%2C%20scaling%2C%20and%20design%20analysis%20problems%20and%20offers%20potential%20solutions%20to%20improve%20empirically%20based%20research.%20In%20particular%2C%20we%20recommend%20bridging%20the%20dichotomy%20between%20correlative%20and%20manipulative%20studies%20by%20nesting%20manipulative%20studies%20within%20a%20correlative%20framework.%20We%20suggest%20that%20building%20on%20variation%2C%20by%20designing%20studies%20to%20detect%20variability%2C%20rather%20than%20fighting%20it%20often%20leads%20to%20an%20increase%20in%20generality.%20We%20also%20emphasize%20the%20importance%20of%20natural%20history%20information%20for%20determining%20likely%20scales%20of%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20heterogeneity%20and%20the%20probable%20occurrence%20of%20feedback%20loops%2C%20indirect%20effects%2C%20and%20interacting%20processes.%20Finally%2C%20we%20integrate%20these%20concepts%20and%20suggest%20planned%20iterations%20between%20multiscale%20studies%20to%20build%20up%20natural%20history%20information%20and%20test%20the%20strength%20of%20relationships%20across%20space%20and%20time.%20This%20offers%20a%20way%20forward%20in%20terms%20of%20heuristically%20developing%20models%20and%20determining%20ecological%20generalities.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1086%5C%2F510925%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-0147%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KI3N9A6R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EParnell%2C%20P.%20E.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Margiotti%2C%20F.%20%282007%29.%20Spatial%20and%20temporal%20patterns%20of%20lobster%20trap%20fishing%3A%20a%20survey%20of%20fishing%20effort%20and%20habitat%20structure.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20Southern%20California%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E106%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2027%26%23x2013%3B37.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3160%5C%2F0038-3872%282007%29106%5B27%3ASATPOL%5D2.0.CO%3B2%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3160%5C%2F0038-3872%282007%29106%5B27%3ASATPOL%5D2.0.CO%3B2%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Spatial%20and%20temporal%20patterns%20of%20lobster%20trap%20fishing%3A%20a%20survey%20of%20fishing%20effort%20and%20habitat%20structure%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Margiotti%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22ABSTRACT%20The%20patterns%20of%20distribution%20and%20abundance%20for%20the%20California%20spiny%20lobster%20%28Panulirus%20interruptus%29%20within%20the%20kelp%20forest%20off%20La%20Jolla%2C%20CA%20%28USA%29%20were%20compared%20to%20the%20distribution%20of%20fishing%20effort%20during%20the%202005%5C%2F2006%20lobster%20season%20over%20an%20area%20of%2020.25%20km2.%20Fishing%20intensity%20was%20greatest%20at%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20season%20%283333%20traps%20on%20opening%20day%29%20decreasing%20to%20258%20traps%20a%20few%20days%20before%20the%20end%20of%20the%2024%20week-long%20season.%20The%20collective%20effort%20of%20the%20trap%20fishermen%20primarily%20targeted%20the%20best%20habitats%20at%20the%20scale%20of%20the%20kelp%20forest%2C%20but%20fishing%20effort%20at%20smaller%20scales%20%28250m%2C%20the%20smallest%20scale%20of%20our%20study%29%20was%20less%20correlated%20to%20the%20best%20lobster%20habitats%2C%20especially%20near%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20season.%20Fishing%20efficiency%20%28CPUE%29%20decreased%20linearly%20throughout%20the%20season%2C%20decreasing%20by%20more%20than%20an%20order%20of%20magnitude%20despite%20the%20fact%20that%20the%20distribution%20of%20fishing%20effort%20was%20better%20correlated%20with%20habitat%20quality%20and%20distribution%20near%20the%20end%20of%20the%20season.%20Fishing%20effort%20was%20greatest%20throughout%20the%20season%20at%20the%20edge%20of%20a%20small%20no-take%20marine%20protected%20area%20indicating%20possible%20fishing%20of%20spillover.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3160%5C%2F0038-3872%282007%29106%5B27%3ASATPOL%5D2.0.CO%3B2%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YLVXFIF2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gray%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGray%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%2C%20Thrush%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Kaiser%2C%20M.%20J.%20%282006%29.%20On%20effects%20of%20trawling%2C%20benthos%20and%20sampling%20design.%20%3Ci%3EMarine%20Pollution%20Bulletin%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E52%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%20840%26%23x2013%3B843.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marpolbul.2006.07.003%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marpolbul.2006.07.003%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22On%20effects%20of%20trawling%2C%20benthos%20and%20sampling%20design%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thrush%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michel%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kaiser%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20evidence%20for%20the%20wider%20effects%20of%20fishing%20on%20the%20marine%20ecosystem%20demands%20that%20we%20incorporate%20these%20considerations%20into%20our%20management%20of%20human%20activities.%20The%20consequences%20of%20the%20direct%20physical%20disturbance%20of%20the%20seabed%20caused%20by%20towed%20bottom-fishing%20gear%20have%20been%20studied%20extensively%20with%20over%20100%20manipulations%20reported%20in%20the%20peer-reviewed%20literature.%20The%20outcome%20of%20these%20studies%20varies%20according%20to%20the%20gear%20used%20and%20the%20habitat%20in%20which%20it%20was%20deployed.%20This%20variability%20in%20the%20response%20of%20different%20benthic%20systems%20concurs%20with%20established%20theoretical%20models%20of%20the%20response%20of%20community%20metrics%20to%20disturbance.%20Despite%20this%20powerful%20evidence%2C%20a%20recent%20FAO%20report%20wrongly%20concludes%20that%20the%20variability%20in%20the%20reported%20responses%20to%20fishing%20disturbance%20mean%20that%20no%20firm%20conclusion%20as%20to%20the%20effects%20of%20fishing%20disturbance%20can%20be%20made.%20This%20thesis%20is%20further%20supported%20%28incorrectly%29%20by%20the%20supposition%20that%20current%20benthic%20sampling%20methodologies%20are%20inadequate%20to%20demonstrate%20the%20effects%20of%20fishing%20disturbance%20on%20benthic%20systems.%20The%20present%20article%20addresses%20these%20two%20erroneous%20conclusions%20which%20may%20confuse%20non-experts%20and%20in%20particular%20policy-makers.%20%28c%29%202006%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%202006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.marpolbul.2006.07.003%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220025-326X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VH4NWTNS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EParnell%2C%20P.%20E.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Lennert-Cody%2C%20C.%20E.%2C%20Rasmussen%2C%20L.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Leichter%2C%20J.%20J.%20%282006%29.%20Marine%20reserve%20design%3A%20optimal%20size%2C%20habitats%2C%20species%20affinities%2C%20diversity%2C%20and%20ocean%20microclimate.%20%3Ci%3EEcological%20Applications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E16%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20945%26%23x2013%3B962.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F1051-0761%282006%29016%5B0945%3Amrdosh%5D2.0.co%3B2%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F1051-0761%282006%29016%5B0945%3Amrdosh%5D2.0.co%3B2%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Marine%20reserve%20design%3A%20optimal%20size%2C%20habitats%2C%20species%20affinities%2C%20diversity%2C%20and%20ocean%20microclimate%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lennert-Cody%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leichter%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20design%20of%20marine%20reserves%20is%20complex%20and%20fraught%20with%20uncertainty.%20However%2C%20protection%20of%20critical%20habitat%20is%20of%20paramount%20importance%20for%20reserve%20design.%20We%20present%20a%20case%20study%20as%20an%20example%20of%20a%20reserve%20design%20based%20on%20fine-scale%20habitats%2C%20the%20affinities%20of%20exploited%20species%20to%20these%20habitats%2C%20adult%20mobility%2C%20and%20the%20physical%20forcing%20affecting%20the%20dynamics%20of%20the%20habitats.%20These%20factors%20and%20their%20interaction%20are%20integrated%20in%20an%20algorithm%20that%20determines%20the%20optimal%20size%20and%20location%20of%20a%20marine%20reserve%20for%20a%20set%20of%2020%20exploited%20species%20within%20five%20different%20habitats%20inside%20a%20large%20kelp%20forest%20in%20southern%20California.%20The%20result%20is%20a%20reserve%20that%20encompasses%20similar%20to%2042%25%20of%20the%20kelp%20forest.%20Our%20approach%20differs%20fundamentally%20from%20many%20other%20marine%20reserve%20siting%20methods%20in%20which%20goals%20of%20area%2C%20diversity%2C%20or%20biomass%20are%20targeted%20a%20priori.%20Rather%2C%20our%20method%20was%20developed%20to%20determine%20how%20large%20a%20reserve%20must%20be%20within%20a%20specific%20area%20to%20protect%20a%20self-sustaining%20assemblage%20of%20exploited%20species.%20The%20algorithm%20is%20applicable%20across%20different%20ecosystems%2C%20spatial%20scales%2C%20and%20for%20any%20number%20of%20species.%20The%20result%20is%20a%20reserve%20in%20which%20habitat%20value%20is%20optimized%20for%20a%20predetermined%20set%20of%20exploited%20species%20against%20the%20area%20left%20open%20to%20exploitation.%20The%20importance%20of%20fine-scale%20habitat%20definitions%20for%20the%20exploited%20species%20off%20La%20Jolla%20is%20exemplified%20by%20the%20spatial%20pattern%20of%20habitats%20and%20the%20stability%20of%20these%20habitats%20within%20the%20kelp%20forest%2C%20both%20of%20which%20appear%20to%20be%20determined%20by%20ocean%20microclimate.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%202006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1890%5C%2F1051-0761%282006%29016%5B0945%3Amrdosh%5D2.0.co%3B2%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-0761%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HKBSY29S%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thrush%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThrush%2C%20S.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%2C%20Cattaneo-Vietti%2C%20R.%2C%20Chiantore%2C%20M.%2C%20Cummings%2C%20V.%2C%20Andrew%2C%20N.%2C%20Hawes%2C%20I.%2C%20Kim%2C%20S.%2C%20Kvitek%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Schwarz%2C%20A.%20M.%20%282006%29.%20Broad-scale%20factors%20influencing%20the%20biodiversity%20of%20coastal%20benthic%20communities%20of%20the%20Ross%20Sea.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20Ii-Topical%20Studies%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E53%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%26%23x2013%3B10%29%2C%20959%26%23x2013%3B971.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2006.02.006%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2006.02.006%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Broad-scale%20factors%20influencing%20the%20biodiversity%20of%20coastal%20benthic%20communities%20of%20the%20Ross%20Sea%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thrush%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cattaneo-Vietti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chiantore%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cummings%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andrew%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hawes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kvitek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schwarz%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Early%20ecological%20research%20in%20McMurdo%20Sound%20revealed%20local%20spatial%20gradients%20in%20community%20structure%20associated%20with%20variations%20in%20anchor%20ice%20disturbance%2C%20fast%20ice%20and%20snow%20cover%2C%20and%20the%20effects%20of%20predators.%20Research%20contrasting%20the%20cast%20and%20west%20sides%20of%20McMurdo%20Sound%20has%20shown%20major%20differences%20in%20benthic%20communities%2C%20which%20have%20been%20attributed%20to%20oceanographic%20influences%20on%20the%20advection%20of%20water-column%20productivity%20and%20the%20frequency%20of%20fast%20ice%20break-out.%20Despite%20these%20regional%20and%20local%20differences%2C%20coastal%20benthic%20communities%20in%20McMurdo%20Sound%20show%20a%20high%20level%20of%20stability%2C%20and%20contain%20a%20variety%20of%20large%20and%20potentially%20very%20long-lived%20species.%20In%20Terra%20Nova%20Bay%2C%20about%20half%20way%20along%20the%20Victoria%20Land%20Coast%20of%20the%20western%20Ross%20Sea%2C%20the%20coastal%20benthic%20communities%20provide%20some%20insightful%20contrasts%20with%20those%20in%20McMurdo%20Sound.%20For%20example%2C%20the%20abundance%20and%20depth%20distribution%20of%20dominant%20species%20such%20as%20Sterechinus%20neumayeri%20and%20Adamussium%20colbecki%20are%20markedly%20different%20from%20McMurdo%20Sound.%20In%20both%20locations%20communities%20dominated%20by%20large%20sponges%20are%20most%20prolific%20in%20regions%20that%20are%20free%20from%20iceberg%20disturbance%20of%20the%20seabed.%20A%20recent%20assessment%20of%20northern%20Victoria%20Land%20coastal%20benthic%20communities%2C%20in%20conjunction%20with%20multibeam%20imagery%20of%20the%20seafloor%2C%20further%20highlights%20the%20importance%20of%20iceberg%20disturbance%20in%20structuring%20Antarctic%20benthic%20communities.%20A%20comparative%20synthesis%20of%20these%20coastal%20ecological%20studies%20enables%20us%20to%20generate%20hypotheses%20concerning%20the%20relative%20importance%20of%20different%20environmental%20drivers%20in%20structuring%20benthic%20communities.%20Overlain%20on%20the%20regular%20latitudinal%20shifts%20in%20physical%20factors%20such%20as%20light%20regime%2C%20are%20regional%20fluctuations%20that%20are%20controlled%20by%20atmospheric%20and%20oceanographic%20circulation%20patterns%20and%20coastal%20topography%5C%2Fbathymetry.%20Change%20in%20diversity%20along%20the%20western%20coast%20of%20the%20Ross%20Sea%20is%20predicted%20to%20be%20influenced%20by%20three%20main%20factors%20%281%29%20ice%20disturbance%20%28e.g.%2C%20via%20anchor%20ice%20and%20advection%20of%20supercooled%20water%20or%20icebergs%29%2C%20%282%29%20photosynthetically%20available%20radiation%20%28affected%20by%20ice%20and%20snow%20cover%20and%20water%20clarity%29%2C%20%283%29%20the%20locations%20of%20polynyas%20and%20advection%20of%20planktonic%20production%20and%20larvae.%20Interactions%20between%20these%20factors%20are%20expected%20to%20result%20in%20non-linear%20changes%20along%20the%20latitudinal%20gradient.%20While%20predictions%20generated%20from%20these%20hypotheses%20remain%20to%20be%20rigorously%20tested%2C%20they%20provide%20indications%20of%20how%20benthic%20communities%20may%20respond%20to%20changes%20in%20production%2C%20disturbance%20and%20the%20stability%20of%20coastal%20sea%20ice.%20%28c%29%202006%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2006.02.006%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0645%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2264396GKS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gili%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGili%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20Arntz%2C%20W.%20E.%2C%20Palanques%2C%20A.%2C%20Orejas%2C%20C.%2C%20Clarke%2C%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Isla%2C%20E.%2C%20Teixido%2C%20N.%2C%20Rossi%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lopez-Gonzalez%2C%20P.%20J.%20%282006%29.%20A%20unique%20assemblage%20of%20epibenthic%20sessile%20suspension%20feeders%20with%20archaic%20features%20in%20the%20high-Antarctic.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20Ii-Topical%20Studies%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E53%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%26%23x2013%3B10%29%2C%201029%26%23x2013%3B1052.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2005.10.021%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2005.10.021%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20unique%20assemblage%20of%20epibenthic%20sessile%20suspension%20feeders%20with%20archaic%20features%20in%20the%20high-Antarctic%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gili%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arntz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Palanques%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Orejas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clarke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Isla%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Teixido%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rossi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lopez-Gonzalez%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20suggest%20that%20the%20epibenthic%20communities%20of%20passive%20suspension%20feeders%20that%20dominate%20some%20high-Antarctic%20seafloors%20present%20unique%20archaic%20features%20that%20are%20the%20result%20of%20long%20isolation%2C%20together%20with%20the%20effects%20of%20environmental%20features%20including%20reduced%20terrestrial%20runoff%20and%20favourable%20feeding%20conditions.%20These%20features%20probably%20originated%20during%20the%20Late%20Cretaceous%2C%20when%20the%20high-Antarctic%20environment%20started%20to%20become%20different%20from%20the%20surrounding%20oceans.%20Modern%20Antarctic%20communities%20are%20thus%20composed%20of%20a%20mixture%20of%20Palaeozoic%20elements%2C%20taxa%20that%20migrated%20from%20the%20deep%20ocean%20during%20interglacial%20periods%2C%20and%20a%20component%20of%20fauna%20that%20evolved%20from%20common%20Gondwana%20Cretaceous%20ancestors.%20We%20explore%20this%20hypothesis%20by%20revisiting%20the%20palaeoecological%20history%20of%20Antarctic%20marine%20benthic%20communities%20and%20exploring%20the%20abiotic%20and%20biotic%20factors%20involved%20in%20their%20evolution%2C%20including%20changes%20in%20oceanic%20circulation%20and%20production%2C%20plankton%20communities%2C%20the%20development%20of%20glaciation%2C%20restricted%20sedimentation%2C%20isolation%2C%20life%20histories%2C%20and%20the%20lack%20of%20large%20predators.%20The%20conditions%20favouring%20the%20retention%20of%20apparently%20archaic%20features%20in%20the%20Antarctic%20marine%20fauna%20remain%20to%20be%20fully%20elucidated%2C%20but%20high-Antarctic%20communities%20are%20clearly%20unique%20and%20deserve%20special%20conservation.%20%28c%29%202006%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2005.10.021%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0645%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22D9QN5CQE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Birkeland%20and%20Dayton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBirkeland%2C%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282005%29.%20The%20importance%20in%20fishery%20management%20of%20leaving%20the%20big%20ones.%20%3Ci%3ETrends%20in%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Evolution%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E20%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29%2C%20356%26%23x2013%3B358.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.tree.2005.03.015%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.tree.2005.03.015%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20importance%20in%20fishery%20management%20of%20leaving%20the%20big%20ones%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Birkeland%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Research%20by%20Berkeley%20et%20al.%20and%20by%20Bobko%20and%20Berkeley%20has%20recently%20demonstrated%20that%20older%20individuals%20of%20some%20fish%20species%20produce%20larvae%20that%20have%20substantially%20better%20survival%20potential%20than%20do%20larvae%20from%20younger%20fishes.%20These%20new%20findings%20augment%20established%20knowledge%20that%20larger%20individuals%20usually%20have%20exponentially%20greater%20fecundity.%20This%20is%20important%20because%20commercial%20fisheries%20and%20especially%20recreational%20fishing%20often%20target%20the%20larger%20fish.%20The%20protection%20of%20larger%20or%20older%20individuals%20is%20necessary%20for%20the%20sustainability%20of%20species%20currently%20exploited%20by%20humans.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%202005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.tree.2005.03.015%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220169-5347%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224BRJCJLR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Vilchis%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EVilchis%2C%20L.%20I.%2C%20Tegner%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Moore%2C%20J.%20D.%2C%20Friedman%2C%20C.%20S.%2C%20Riser%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Robbins%2C%20T.%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282005%29.%20Ocean%20warming%20effects%20on%20growth%2C%20reproduction%2C%20and%20survivorship%20of%20Southern%20California%20abalone.%20%3Ci%3EEcological%20Applications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E15%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20469%26%23x2013%3B480.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F03-5326%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1890%5C%2F03-5326%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ocean%20warming%20effects%20on%20growth%2C%20reproduction%2C%20and%20survivorship%20of%20Southern%20California%20abalone%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vilchis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tegner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moore%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Friedman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robbins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Traditional%20fisheries%20management%20in%20southern%20California%20has%20failed%2C%20in%20part%20because%20it%20is%20based%20on%20an%20assumption%20of%20an%20unvarying%20environment%20and%20is%20focused%20on%20size%20limits%20rather%20than%20insuring%20the%20persistence%20of%20aggregations%20of%20large%20fecund%20individuals.%20The%20combined%20effect%20of%20low%20frequency%20climatic%20variability%20and%20anthropogenic%20perturbations%20can%20have%20dramatic%20consequences%20for%20abalone%20in%20southern%20California.%20Abalone%20species%20are%20tightly%20linked%20to%20kelp%20forest%20ecosystems%20that%2C%20besides%20furnishing%20habitat%2C%20also%20provide%20the%20main%20food%20source%20for%20abalone.%20In%20southern%20California%2C%20kelp%20canopies%20are%20very%20sensitive%20to%20oceanographic%20climate%20because%20the%20kelp%20depend%20upon%20high%20nutrients%20in%20the%20water%20column.%20Oceanic%20warming%2C%20in%20turn%2C%20results%20in%20decreased%20nutrients%20in%20the%20surface%20water%2C%20and%20this%20is%20correlated%20with%20marked%20reductions%20in%20giant%20kelp%20biomass.%20Here%20we%20address%20the%20additive%20effects%20of%20ocean%20warming%20on%20two%20species%20of%20California%20abalone%20%28the%20red%20abalone%2C%20Haliotis%20rufescens%3B%20and%20the%20green%20abalone%2C%20H.fulgens%29%20by%20subjecting%20them%20to%20varied%20environmental%20conditions%20similar%20to%20cool%2C%20normal%2C%20and%20warm%20phases%20of%20the%20California%20current%20in%20the%20southern%20California%20Bight.%20Our%20experimental%20design%20simultaneously%20tested%20the%20synergistic%20effects%20of%20temperature%20and%20food%20quantity%20and%20quality%20on%20survivorship%2C%20growth%2C%20and%20reproduction.%20For%20red%20abalone%2C%20warm%20temperatures%20increased%20the%20onset%20of%20withering%20syndrome%2C%20a%20fatal%20abalone%20disease%2C%20and%20halted%20growth%20and%20reproduction.%20In%20contrast%2C%20green%20abalone%20survivorship%2C%20growth%2C%20and%20reproduction%20were%20relatively%20robust%20irrespective%20of%20temperature%2C%20while%20their%20growth%20and%20reproduction%20were%20most%20strongly%20influenced%20by%20food%20quantity.%20We%20found%20clear%20evidence%20suggesting%20that%2C%20combined%20with%20overfishing%2C%20California%20abalone%20populations%20are%20adversely%20affected%20by%20ecosystem%20responses%20to%20ocean%20warming%3A%20Coolwater%20red%20abalone%20suffer%20stronger%20consequences%20in%20warm%20water%20than%20do%20green%20abalone.%20Conservation%2C%20restoration%2C%20and%20recovery%20plans%20of%20remnant%20California%20abalone%20populations%20must%20consider%20these%20relationships%20when%20taking%20any%20action.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Apr%202005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1890%5C%2F03-5326%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221051-0761%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228P68EK3Z%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EParnell%2C%20P.%20E.%2C%20Lennert-Cody%2C%20C.%20E.%2C%20Geelen%2C%20L.%2C%20Stanley%2C%20L.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282005%29.%20Effectiveness%20of%20a%20small%20marine%20reserve%20in%20southern%20California.%20%3Ci%3EMarine%20Ecology-Progress%20Series%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E296%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2039%26%23x2013%3B52.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3354%5C%2Fmeps296039%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3354%5C%2Fmeps296039%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effectiveness%20of%20a%20small%20marine%20reserve%20in%20southern%20California%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lennert-Cody%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geelen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stanley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22While%20relatively%20small%2C%20the%20San%20Diego-La%20Jolla%20Ecological%20Reserve%20is%20one%20of%20the%20oldest%20in%20California%2C%20and%20it%20contains%20giant-kelp-forest%2C%20boulder-reef%2C%20submarine-canyon%20and%20sandy-shelf%20habitats.%20We%20evaluated%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20this%20%27no-take%27%20marine%20reserve%20and%20gauged%20its%20success%20according%20to%20the%20goals%20implicit%20in%20its%20design.%20To%20overcome%20the%20lack%20of%20data%20prior%20to%20its%20establishment%2C%20we%20employed%20habitat-specific%20analyses.%20Our%20study%20comprised%204%20components%3A%20%281%29%20an%20historical%20review%20of%20its%20establishment%3B%20%282%29%20a%20survey%20of%20conspicuous%20species%20in%20kelp-forest%2C%20submarine-canyon%2C%20and%20boulder-reef%20habitats%3B%20%283%29%20comparisons%20with%20historical%20data%3B%20%284%29%20a%20public%20survey%20regarding%20awareness%2C%20knowledge%2C%20and%20support%20of%20the%20reserve.%20Despite%2030%20yr%20of%20protection%2C%20only%20a%20few%20sessile%20or%20residential%20species%20exhibit%20positive%20effects%20of%20protection%2C%20and%20most%20fished%20species%20have%20decreased%20in%20abundance%20inside%20the%20reserve.%20However%2C%20the%20reserve%20protects%20the%20largest%20remaining%20populations%20of%20green%20abalone%20Haliotis%20fulgens%20and%20vermillion%20rockfish%20Sebastes%20miniatus%20in%20the%20area%2C%20which%20therefore%20represent%20important%20sources%20of%20larvae.%20Implementation%20and%20enforcement%20of%20coastal%20reserves%20depends%20on%20public%20support%2C%20but%20the%20results%20of%20the%20public%20survey%20indicated%20a%20lack%20of%20knowledge%20of%20the%20reserve%2C%20highlighting%20the%20need%20for%20improved%20public%20education%20in%20this%20respect.%20The%20results%20of%20the%20study%20reflect%20the%20limited%20value%20of%20small%20reserves%20and%20document%20the%20inadequacy%20of%20inside%5C%2Foutside%20comparisons%20as%20tests%20of%20reserve%20effectiveness%20when%20baseline%20and%20historical%20data%20are%20lacking.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3354%5C%2Fmeps296039%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220171-8630%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BXTIUCM7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Pikitch%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222004-07-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPikitch%2C%20E.%20K.%2C%20Santora%2C%20C.%2C%20Babcock%2C%20E.%20A.%2C%20Bakun%2C%20A.%2C%20Bonfil%2C%20R.%2C%20Conover%2C%20D.%20O.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%2C%20Doukakis%2C%20P.%2C%20Fluharty%2C%20D.%2C%20Heneman%2C%20B.%2C%20Houde%2C%20E.%20D.%2C%20Link%2C%20J.%2C%20Livingston%2C%20P.%20A.%2C%20Mangel%2C%20M.%2C%20McAllister%2C%20M.%20K.%2C%20Pope%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sainsbury%2C%20K.%20J.%20%282004%29.%20Ecosystem-based%20fishery%20management.%20%3Ci%3EScience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E305%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285682%29%2C%20346%26%23x2013%3B347.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1098222%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1098222%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ecosystem-based%20fishery%20management%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pikitch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Santora%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Babcock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bakun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonfil%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Conover%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doukakis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fluharty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heneman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Houde%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Link%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Livingston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mangel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McAllister%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pope%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sainsbury%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%2016%202004%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fscience.1098222%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220036-8075%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CLIWIPCL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Agardy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAgardy%2C%20T.%2C%20Bridgewater%2C%20P.%2C%20Crosby%2C%20M.%20P.%2C%20Day%2C%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Kenchington%2C%20R.%2C%20Laffoley%2C%20D.%2C%20McConney%2C%20P.%2C%20Murray%2C%20P.%20A.%2C%20Parks%2C%20J.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Peau%2C%20L.%20%282003%29.%20Dangerous%20targets%3F%20Unresolved%20issues%20and%20ideological%20clashes%20around%20marine%20protected%20areas.%20%3Ci%3EAquatic%20Conservation-Marine%20and%20Freshwater%20Ecosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E13%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20353%26%23x2013%3B367.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Faqc.583%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Faqc.583%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Dangerous%20targets%3F%20Unresolved%20issues%20and%20ideological%20clashes%20around%20marine%20protected%20areas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Agardy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bridgewater%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crosby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Day%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kenchington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laffoley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McConney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murray%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parks%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peau%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%221.%20While%20conservationists%2C%20resource%20managers%2C%20scientists%20and%20coastal%20planners%20have%20recognized%20the%20broad%20applicability%20of%20marine%20protected%20areas%20%28MPAs%29%2C%20they%20are%20often%20implemented%20without%20a%20firm%20understanding%20of%20the%20conservation%20science%20-%20both%20ecological%20and%20socio-economic%20-%20underlying%20marine%20protection.%20The%20rush%20to%20implement%20MPAs%20has%20set%20the%20stage%20for%20paradoxical%20differences%20of%20opinions%20in%20the%20marine%20conservation%20community.%202.%20The%20enthusiastic%20prescription%20of%20simplistic%20solutions%20to%20marine%20conservation%20problems%20risks%20polarization%20of%20interests%20and%20ultimately%20threatens%20bona%20fide%20progress%20in%20marine%20conservation.%20The%20blanket%20assignment%20and%20advocacy%20of%20empirically%20unsubstantiated%20rules%20of%20thumb%20in%20marine%20protection%20creates%20potentially%20dangerous%20targets%20for%20conservation%20science.%203.%20Clarity%20of%20definition%2C%20systematic%20testing%20of%20assumptions%2C%20and%20adaptive%20application%20of%20diverse%20MPA%20management%20approaches%20are%20needed%20so%20that%20the%20appropriate%20mix%20of%20various%20management%20tools%20can%20be%20utilized%2C%20depending%20upon%20specific%20goals%20and%20conditions.%20Scientists%20have%20a%20professional%20and%20ethical%20duty%20to%20map%20out%20those%20paths%20that%20are%20most%20likely%20to%20lead%20to%20improved%20resource%20management%20and%20understanding%20of%20the%20natural%20world%2C%20including%20the%20human%20element%2C%20whether%20or%20not%20they%20are%20convenient%2C%20politically%20correct%20or%20publicly%20magnetic.%204.%20The%20use%20of%20MPAs%20as%20a%20vehicle%20for%20promoting%20long-term%20conservation%20and%20sustainable%20use%20of%20marine%20biodiversity%20is%20in%20need%20of%20focus%2C%20and%20both%20philosophical%20and%20applied%20tune%20ups.%20A%20new%20paradigm%20arising%20out%20of%20integrated%2C%20multi-disciplinary%20science%2C%20management%20and%20education%5C%2Foutreach%20efforts%20must%20be%20adopted%20to%20help%20promote%20flexible%2C%20diverse%20and%20effective%20MPA%20management%20strategies.%20Given%20scientific%20uncertainties%2C%20MPAs%20should%20be%20designed%20so%20one%20can%20learn%20from%20their%20application%20and%20adjust%20their%20management%20strategies%20as%20needed%2C%20in%20the%20true%20spirit%20of%20adaptive%20management.%205.%20It%20is%20critical%20for%20the%20conservation%20community%20to%20examine%20why%20honest%20differences%20of%20opinion%20regarding%20MPAs%20have%20emerged%2C%20and%20recognize%20that%20inflexible%20attitudes%20and%20positions%20are%20potentially%20dangerous.%20We%20therefore%20discuss%20several%20questions%20-%20heretofore%20taken%20as%20implicit%20assumptions%3A%20%28a%29%20what%20are%20MPAs%2C%20%28b%29%20what%20purpose%20do%20MPAs%20serve%2C%20%28c%29%20are%20no-take%20MPAs%20the%20only%20legitimate%20MPAs%2C%20%28d%29%20should%20a%20single%20closed%20area%20target%20be%20set%20for%20all%20MPAs%2C%20and%20%28e%29%20how%20should%20policymakers%20and%20conservation%20communities%20deal%20with%20scientific%20uncertainty%3F%20Copyright%20%28C%29%202003%20John%20Wiley%20Sons%2C%20Ltd.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul-Aug%202003%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Faqc.583%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221052-7613%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PFMZDVD4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dayton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282003%29.%20The%20importance%20of%20the%20natural%20sciences%20to%20conservation.%20%3Ci%3EAmerican%20Naturalist%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E162%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B13.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1086%5C%2F376572%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1086%5C%2F376572%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20importance%20of%20the%20natural%20sciences%20to%20conservation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20last%20century%20has%20seen%20enormous%20environmental%20degradation%3A%20many%20populations%20are%20in%20drastic%20decline%2C%20and%20their%20ecosystems%20have%20been%20vastly%20altered.%20There%20is%20an%20urgent%20need%20to%20understand%20the%20causes%20of%20the%20decline%2C%20how%20the%20species%20interact%20with%20other%20components%20of%20the%20environment%2C%20and%20how%20ecosystem%20integrity%20is%20determined.%20A%20brief%20review%20of%20marine%20systems%20emphasizes%20the%20importance%20of%20natural%20sciences%20to%20understanding%20the%20systems%20and%20finding%20solutions.%20These%20environmental%20crises%20coincide%20with%20the%20virtual%20banishment%20of%20natural%20sciences%20in%20academe%2C%20which%20eliminate%20the%20opportunity%20for%20both%20young%20scientists%20and%20the%20general%20public%20to%20learn%20the%20fundamentals%20that%20help%20us%20predict%20population%20levels%20and%20the%20responses%20by%20complex%20systems%20to%20environmental%20variation.%20Science%20and%20management%20demands%20that%20complex%20systems%20be%20simplified%2C%20but%20the%20art%20of%20appropriate%20simplification%20depends%20on%20a%20basic%20understanding%20of%20the%20important%20natural%20history.%20It%20seems%20unlikely%20that%20meaningful%20conservation%20and%20restoration%20can%20be%20accomplished%20unless%20we%20recover%20the%20tradition%20of%20supporting%20research%20in%20and%20the%20teaching%20of%20natural%20history.%20We%20must%20reinstate%20natural%20science%20courses%20in%20all%20our%20academic%20institutions%20to%20insure%20that%20students%20experience%20nature%20first-hand%20and%20are%20instructed%20in%20the%20fundamentals%20of%20the%20natural%20sciences.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%202003%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1086%5C%2F376572%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-0147%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JITRAIWT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kinlan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKinlan%2C%20B.%20P.%2C%20Graham%2C%20M.%20H.%2C%20Sala%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282003%29.%20Arrested%20development%20of%20giant%20kelp%20%28%3Ci%3EMacrocystis%20pyrifera%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20Phaeophyceae%29%20embryonic%20sporophytes%3A%20A%20mechanism%20for%20delayed%20recruitment%20in%20perennial%20kelps%3F%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Phycology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E39%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2047%26%23x2013%3B57.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1046%5C%2Fj.1529-8817.2003.02087.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1046%5C%2Fj.1529-8817.2003.02087.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Arrested%20development%20of%20giant%20kelp%20%28%3Ci%3EMacrocystis%20pyrifera%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20Phaeophyceae%29%20embryonic%20sporophytes%3A%20A%20mechanism%20for%20delayed%20recruitment%20in%20perennial%20kelps%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kinlan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Graham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sala%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Delayed%20recruitment%20of%20microscopic%20stages%20in%20response%20to%20cyclical%20cues%20is%20critical%20to%20the%20population%20dynamics%20of%20many%20annual%20and%20seasonally%20reproducing%20perennial%20seaweeds.%20Microscopic%20stages%20may%20play%20a%20similar%20role%20in%20continuously%20reproducing%20perennials%20in%20which%20adult%20sporophytes%20are%20subject%20to%20episodic%20mortality%2C%20if%20they%20can%20respond%20directly%20to%20the%20unpredictable%20onset%20and%20relaxation%20of%20unfavorable%20conditions.%20We%20experimentally%20evaluated%20the%20potential%20for%20temporary%20reduction%20in%20limiting%20resources%20%28light%2C%20nutrients%29%20to%20directly%20delay%20recruitment%20of%20giant%20kelp%20%28Macrocystis%20pyrifera%20%28L.%29%20C.A.%20Agardh%29%20gametophytes%20and%20embryonic%20sporophytes.%20Laboratory%20cultures%20were%20subjected%20to%20limiting%20conditions%20of%20light%20and%20nutrients%20for%201%20month%20and%20then%20exposed%20to%20nonlimiting%20conditions%20for%2010%20days.%20Gametophytes%20in%20all%20treatments%20failed%20to%20recruit%20to%20sporophytes%20after%202%20weeks%2C%20suggesting%20they%20are%20not%20a%20source%20of%20delayed%20recruitment%20in%20giant%20kelp.%20Sporophytes%20in%20light-limited%20treatments%2C%20however%2C%20survived%20and%20grew%20significantly%20slower%20than%20non-light-limited%20controls.%20When%20stimulated%20with%20light%2C%20light-limited%20sporophytes%20grew%20from%202%20to%3E10%20times%20faster%20than%20unstimulated%20controls%20depending%20on%20nutrient%20availability.%20These%20results%20suggest%20that%20limiting%20resources%20can%20delay%20recruitment%20of%20embryonic%20giant%20kelp%20sporophytes%20for%20at%20least%201%20month.%20Flexible%20timing%20of%20recruitment%20from%20embryonic%20sporophytes%20may%20enhance%20persistence%20of%20continuously%20reproducing%20perennial%20species%20when%20mac-%20roscopic%20adults%20are%20subject%20to%20episodic%20large-scale%20removals.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202003%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1046%5C%2Fj.1529-8817.2003.02087.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-3646%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A34Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZZELB9RW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Graham%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGraham%2C%20M.%20H.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Erlandson%2C%20J.%20M.%20%282003%29.%20Ice%20ages%20and%20ecological%20transitions%20on%20temperate%20coasts.%20%3Ci%3ETrends%20in%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Evolution%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E18%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2033%26%23x2013%3B40.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0169-5347%2802%2900006-x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0169-5347%2802%2900006-x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ice%20ages%20and%20ecological%20transitions%20on%20temperate%20coasts%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Graham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Erlandson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Organisms%20face%20continual%20fluctuations%20in%20global%20climatic%20processes%20to%20which%20they%20must%20adapt%20or%20perish.%20Considering%20that%20many%20species%20are%20key%20habitat%20formers%20and%20energy%20producers%2C%20such%20responses%20to%20climate%20change%20can%20have%20significant%20population%2C%20community%20and%20even%20ecosystem%20consequences.%20Paleo-records%20of%20ecosystem%20responses%20to%20past%20environmental%20variability%20have%20proven%20invaluable%20for%20studying%20impacts%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20natural%20systems%2C%20yet%20such%20records%20are%20almost%20completely%20lacking%20for%20temperate%20benthic%20marine%20systems.%20Here%2C%20we%20bring%20together%20recent%20advances%20in%20palleoclimatology%2C%20coastal%20geomorphology%2C%20paleoceanography%20and%20archaeology%20for%20a%20well-studied%20region%20%28the%20Southern%20California%20Bight%2C%20USA%29.%20We%20argue%20that%20there%20is%20now%20enough%20evidence%20to%20show%20that%20late-Quaternary%20sea-level%20rise%20over%20the%20past%2018%20500%20years%20has%20caused%20a%20large-scale%20ecological%20shift%20in%20this%20region%20from%20highly%20productive%20rocky%20reefs%20to%20less%20productive%20sandy%20shores.%20Our%20integrated%20approach%20has%20implications%20for%20other%20temperate%20coastlines%20and%20helps%20provide%20insight%20into%20the%20interactions%20between%20human%20culture%2C%20biological%20communities%20and%20their%20environments.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jan%202003%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fs0169-5347%2802%2900006-x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220169-5347%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LYSPEQ27%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sala%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002-12-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESala%2C%20E.%2C%20Aburto-Oropeza%2C%20O.%2C%20Paredes%2C%20G.%2C%20Parra%2C%20I.%2C%20Barrera%2C%20J.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282002%29.%20A%20general%20model%20for%20designing%20networks%20of%20marine%20reserves.%20%3Ci%3EScience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E298%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285600%29%2C%201991%26%23x2013%3B1993.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1075284%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1075284%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20general%20model%20for%20designing%20networks%20of%20marine%20reserves%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sala%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aburto-Oropeza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paredes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parra%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barrera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22There%20is%20debate%20concerning%20the%20most%20effective%20conservation%20of%20marine%20biodiversity%2C%20especially%20regarding%20the%20appropriate%20location%2C%20size%2C%20and%20connectivity%20of%20marine%20reserves.%20We%20describe%20a%20means%20of%20establishing%20marine%20reserve%20networks%20by%20using%20optimization%20algorithms%20and%20multiple%20levels%20of%20information%20on%20biodiversity%2C%20ecological%20processes%20%28spawning%2C%20recruitment%2C%20and%20larval%20connectivity%29%2C%20and%20socioeconomic%20factors%20in%20the%20Gulf%20of%20California.%20A%20network%20covering%2040%25%20of%20rocky%20reef%20habitat%20can%20fulfill%20many%20conservation%20goals%20while%20reducing%20social%20conflict.%20This%20quantitative%20approach%20provides%20a%20powerful%20tool%20for%20decision-makers%20tasked%20with%20siting%20marine%20reserves.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%206%202002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fscience.1075284%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220036-8075%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IQH4K69Z%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rogers-Bennett%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERogers-Bennett%2C%20L.%2C%20Haaker%2C%20P.%20L.%2C%20Huff%2C%20T.%20O.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282002%29.%20Estimating%20baseline%20abundances%20of%20abalone%20in%20California%20for%20restoration.%20%3Ci%3ECalifornia%20Cooperative%20Oceanic%20Fisheries%20Investigations%20Reports%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E43%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2097%26%23x2013%3B111.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Estimating%20baseline%20abundances%20of%20abalone%20in%20California%20for%20restoration%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rogers-Bennett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haaker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abalone%20populations%20in%20California%20have%20declined%20dramatically%3B%20however%2C%20reliable%20estimates%20of%20baseline%20abundances%20are%20lacking.%20The%20lack%20of%20sufficient%20time%20scales%20seriously%20limits%20the%20value%20of%20most%20baselines.%20We%20use%20historical%20data%20to%20define%20baselines%20for%20abalone%20in%20California%20and%20to%20evaluate%20current%20abundances%20and%20suggest%20restoration%20targets.%20Using%20the%20fishery%20as%20a%20%5C%22sampling%20tool%2C%5C%22%20we%20estimate%20that%20baseline%20abundances%20for%20pink%20abalone%20%28Haliotis%20corrugata%29%20were%209.3%20million%2C%20black%20abalone%20were%203.5%20million%20%28H.%20crachcrodii%29%2C%20green%20abalone%20%28H.fulgens%29%20were%201.5%20million%2C%20white%20abalone%20%28H.%20soreriseni%29%20were%20360%2C000%2C%20and%20threaded%20abalone%20%28H.%20kamtschatkana%20assimilis%29%20were%2021%2C000.%20All%20of%20these%20species%20now%20number%20less%20than%201%25%20of%20their%20estimated%20baselines.%20For%20species%20poorly%20represented%20in%20the%20fishery%2C%20we%20use%20survey%20data%20to%20estimate%20that%20baseline%20abundances%20for%20pinto%20abalone%20%28H.%20k.%20kamtschatkana%29%20were%20153%2C000%2C%20and%20for%20flat%20abalone%20%28H.%20walallensis%29%20were%2071%2C000.%20Our%20modern%20surveys%20suggest%20that%20pinto%20abalone%20populations%20have%20undergone%20a%20ten-fold%20decline%20and%20that%20flat%20abalone%20populations%20remain%20similar%20to%20their%20baseline.%20These%20baselines%20underline%20the%20dramatic%20declines%20in%20abalone%20populations%20and%20thus%20define%20the%20magnitude%20of%20the%20challenges%20we%20face%20in%20restoring%20formerly%20abundant%20species.%20The%20identification%20of%20rare%20species%20brings%20into%20question%20the%20wisdom%20of%20fishing%20species%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20baseline%20information.%20This%20approach%20may%20serve%20to%20help%20set%20restoration%20targets%20for%20other%20depleted%20species%20for%20which%20we%20have%20limited%20data.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220575-3317%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222AC88E82%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Graham%20and%20Dayton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGraham%2C%20M.%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282002%29.%20On%20the%20evolution%20of%20ecological%20ideas%3A%20Paradigms%20and%20scientific%20progress.%20%3Ci%3EEcology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E83%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%201481%26%23x2013%3B1489.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F3071968%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2307%5C%2F3071968%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22On%20the%20evolution%20of%20ecological%20ideas%3A%20Paradigms%20and%20scientific%20progress%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Graham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20introduce%20a%20heuristic%20model%20for%20studying%20the%20evolution%20of%20ecological%20ideas%20based%20on%20Thomas%20Kuhn%27s%20concept%20of%20the%20development%20of%20scientific%20paradigms.%20This%20model%20is%20useful%20for%20examining%20processes%20leading%20to%20ecological%20progress%20and%20the%20elaboration%20of%20ecological%20theories.%20Over%20time%2C%20ecological%20knowledge%20diverges%20and%20evolves%20as%20data%20are%20collected%20that%20either%20refute%20or%20support%20the%20current%20trajectories%20of%20accepted%20paradigms.%20As%20a%20result%2C%20the%20direction%20of%20ecological%20research%20continuously%20branches%20out%20into%20new%20domains%20leading%20to%20increased%20ecological%20understanding.%20Unfortunately%2C%20heightened%20ecological%20understanding%20also%20builds%20impediments%20to%20future%20progress.%20Increased%20specialization%20and%20the%20parallel%20evolution%20of%20seemingly%20independent%20subdisciplines%20generally%20compel%20researchers%20to%20become%20increasingly%20canalized.%20Specialization%20also%20accelerates%20the%20expansion%20of%20the%20ecological%20literature%2C%20making%20it%20difficult%20for%20researchers%20to%20track%20developments%20in%20their%20own%20subdisciplines%2C%20let%20alone%20the%20general%20field%20of%20ecology.%20Furthermore%2C%20specialization%20inherently%20focuses%20attention%20on%20contemporary%20research%20and%20hastens%20the%20erasure%20of%20memory%20of%20historical%20contributions%20to%20modern%20ecology.%20As%20a%20result%2C%20contemporary%20ecologists%20art%20in%20danger%20of%20losing%20touch%20with%20their%20historical%20roots%20and%20face%20a%20greater%20likelihood%20of%20recycling%20ideas%20and%20impeding%20real%20scientific%20momentum.%20Enhancing%20our%20historical%20perspective%20on%20the%20evolution%20of%20ecological%20ideas%20will%20be%20key%20in%20overcoming%20the%20negative%20consequences%20of%20progress%20and%20safeguarding%20the%20continued%20advancement%20of%20ecology.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%202002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2307%5C%2F3071968%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-9658%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A34Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2279M4VFKY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gerrodette%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGerrodette%2C%20T.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20Macinko%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Fogarty%2C%20M.%20J.%20%282002%29.%20Precautionary%20management%20of%20marine%20fisheries%3A%20Moving%20beyond%20burden%20of%20proof.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20Marine%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E70%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20657%26%23x2013%3B668.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Precautionary%20management%20of%20marine%20fisheries%3A%20Moving%20beyond%20burden%20of%20proof%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gerrodette%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Macinko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fogarty%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20more%20precautionary%20approach%20to%20marine%20fishery%20management%20is%20much%20needed%2C%20but%20a%20central%20issue%20is%20how%20decisions%20are%20made%20when%2C%20as%20is%20usual%2C%20uncertainties%20are%20large.%20Reversing%20the%20burden%20of%20proof%20%28showing%20that%20a%20given%20fishing%20level%20is%20safe%20before%20allowing%20it%29%20is%20a%20necessary%20but%20not%20sufficient%20condition%20for%20a%20precautionary%20approach.%20Several%20policy%20aspects%20of%20the%20burden%20of%20proof%20issue%20should%20be%20clarified%3A%20what%20the%20default%20decision%20will%20be%3B%20who%20bears%20the%20burden%20of%20demonstrating%20that%20a%20change%20from%20the%20default%20is%20justified%3B%20what%20metric%20is%20used%20to%20decide%20on%20a%20change%3B%20and%20what%20rate%20of%20incorrect%20changes%20from%20the%20default%20is%20tolerable.%20Fishery%20decision%20making%20would%20benefit%20from%20more%20specificity%20about%20management%20goals%2C%20preagreement%20on%20how%20data%20will%20be%20used%20in%20reaching%20decisions%2C%20and%20an%20explicit%20linking%20of%20fishing%20levels%20to%20the%20degree%20of%20certainty%20of%20fish%20stock%20condition.%20Finally%2C%20we%20argue%20that%20a%20truly%20precautionary%20approach%20requires%20a%20broader%20philosophical%20outlook%20than%20seeing%20the%20oceans%20as%20simply%20providing%20exploitable%20resources.%20Management%20should%20aim%20to%20maintain%20all%20marine%20species%20as%20functioning%20components%20of%20their%20ecosystems%20and%20to%20permit%20a%20proposed%20activity%20only%20if%20it%20can%20be%20demonstrated%20not%20to%20have%20an%20adverse%20effect.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%202002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220007-4977%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223DC64NQU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thrush%20and%20Dayton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EThrush%2C%20S.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282002%29.%20Disturbance%20to%20marine%20benthic%20habitats%20by%20trawling%20and%20dredging%3A%20Implications%20for%20marine%20biodiversity.%20%3Ci%3EAnnual%20Review%20of%20Ecology%20and%20Systematics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E33%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20449%26%23x2013%3B473.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev.ecolysis.33.010802.150515%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev.ecolysis.33.010802.150515%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Disturbance%20to%20marine%20benthic%20habitats%20by%20trawling%20and%20dredging%3A%20Implications%20for%20marine%20biodiversity%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thrush%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20direct%20effects%20of%20marine%20habitat%20disturbance%20by%20commercial%20fishing%20have%20been%20well%20documented.%20However%2C%20the%20potential%20ramifications%20to%20the%20ecological%20function%20of%20seafloor%20communities%20and%20ecosystems%20have%20yet%20to%20be%20considered.%20Softsediment%20organisms%20create%20much%20of%20their%20habitat%27s%20structure%20and%20also%20have%20crucial%20roles%20in%20many%20population%2C%20community%2C%20and%20ecosystem%20processes.%20Many%20of%20these%20roles%20are%20filled%20by%20species%20that%20are%20sensitive%20to%20habitat%20disturbance.%20Functional%20extinction%20refers%20to%20the%20situation%20in%20which%20species%20become%20so%20rare%20that%20they%20do%20not%20fulfill%20the%20ecosystem%20roles%20that%20have%20evolved%20in%20the%20system.%20This%20loss%20to%20the%20ecosystem%20occurs%20when%20there%20are%20restrictions%20in%20the%20size%2C%20density%2C%20and%20distribution%20of%20organisms%20that%20threaten%20the%20biodiversity%2C%20resilience%2C%20or%20provision%20of%20ecosystem%20services.%20Once%20the%20functionally%20important%20components%20of%20an%20ecosystem%20are%20missing%2C%20it%20is%20extremely%20difficult%20to%20identify%20and%20understand%20ecological%20thresholds.%20The%20extent%20and%20intensity%20of%20human%20disturbance%20to%20oceanic%20ecosystems%20is%20a%20significant%20threat%20to%20both%20structural%20and%20functional%20biodiversity%20and%20in%20many%20cases%20this%20has%20virtually%20eliminated%20natural%20systems%20that%20might%20serve%20as%20baselines%20to%20evaluate%20these%20impacts.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1146%5C%2Fannurev.ecolysis.33.010802.150515%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220066-4162%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BLNTDHI6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dayton%20and%20Sala%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sala%2C%20E.%20%282001%29.%20Natural%20History%3A%20the%20sense%20of%20wonder%2C%20creativity%20and%20progress%20in%20ecology.%20%3Ci%3EScientia%20Marina%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E65%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20199%26%23x2013%3B206.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Natural%20History%3A%20the%20sense%20of%20wonder%2C%20creativity%20and%20progress%20in%20ecology%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sala%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20essay%20addresses%20the%20question%20of%20blending%20natural%20history%20and%20ecological%20wisdom%20into%20the%20genuine%20creativity%20exemplified%20by%20Prof.%20Ramon%20Margalef.%20Many%20have%20observed%20that%20modem%20biology%20is%20a%20triumph%20of%20precision%20over%20accuracy%2C%20and%20that%20ecology%20has%20sought%20maturity%20by%20striving%20toward%20this%20model%20in%20which%20the%20precision%20value%20of%20the%20tools%20has%20supplanted%20important%20questions.%20In%20pursuing%20a%20model%20of%20hard%20science%2C%20ecology%20has%20struggled%20with%20Popperian%20approaches%20designed%20to%20create%20a%20thin%20patina%20of%20%5C%22real%20sciences%5C%22%20over%20the%20vast%20seas%20of%20uncertainty%20so%20admired%20by%20the%20naturalists.%20We%20start%20with%20a%20discussion%20of%20the%20importance%20of%20natural%20history%20in%20ecology%20and%20conservation%2C%20and%20the%20present%20state%20of%20natural%20history%20in%20academic%20ecology.%20We%20then%20discuss%20the%20respect%20for%20natural%20history%20in%20human%20cultures%2C%20and%20conclude%20that%20an%20infatuation%20with%20authority%20has%20obfuscated%20the%20important%20truths%20to%20be%20found%20in%20nature.%20We%20consider%20some%20general%20processes%20associated%20with%20creativity%2C%20and%20finally%20we%20ask%20how%20natural%20history%20influences%20creativity%20in%20ecology.%20We%20conclude%20that%20the%20soaring%20creativity%20exemplified%20by%20Ramon%20Margalef%20is%20based%20on%20a%20joyful%20almost%20spiritual%20understanding%20of%20natural%20history%20and%20the%20courage%20to%20avoid%20authority.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Sep%202001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220214-8358%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WPNLBKMW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Houde%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHoude%2C%20E.%2C%20Coleman%2C%20F.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%2C%20Fluharty%2C%20D.%2C%20Kelleher%2C%20G.%2C%20Palumbi%2C%20S.%20R.%2C%20Parma%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Pimm%2C%20S.%20L.%2C%20Roberts%2C%20C.%2C%20Smith%2C%20S.%20L.%2C%20Somero%2C%20G.%2C%20Stoffle%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wilen%2C%20J.%20%282001%29.%20%3Ci%3EMarine%20protected%20areas%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20tools%20for%20sustaining%20ocean%20ecosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28No.%200309072867%20%28hard%29%3B%20pp.%20xvi%2C%20272%20p.%29.%20National%20Academy%20Press.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Marine%20protected%20areas%20%3A%20tools%20for%20sustaining%20ocean%20ecosystems%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Houde%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Coleman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fluharty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kelleher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Palumbi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pimm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roberts%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sharon%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Somero%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stoffle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22seriesEditor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22National%20Research%20Council%20%28U.%20S.%29.%20Committee%20on%20the%20Evaluation%20Design%20and%20Monitoring%20Marine%20Reserves%20and%20Protected%20Areas%20in%20the%20United%20States%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%220309072867%20%28hard%29%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22National%20Academy%20Press%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HIWXXRWJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Witman%20and%20Dayton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWitman%2C%20J.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EDayton%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20P.%20K.%20%282001%29.%20Rocky%20Subtidal%20Communities.%20In%20M.%20D.%20Bertness%2C%20S.%20D.%20Gaines%2C%20%26amp%3B%20M.%20E.%20Hay%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%3Ci%3EMarine%20community%20ecology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28pp.%20339%26%23x2013%3B366%29.%20Sinauer%20Associates.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Rocky%20Subtidal%20Communities%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Witman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dayton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bertness%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gaines%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hay%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Marine%20community%20ecology%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%220878930574%20%28alk.%20paper%29%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22HAQJZBV6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-16T20%3A40%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Leichter, J. J., Ladah, L. B., Parnell, P. E., Stokes, M. D., Costa, M. T., Fumo, J., & Dayton, P. K. (2023). Persistence of southern California giant kelp beds and alongshore variation in nutrient exposure driven by seasonal upwelling and internal waves. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1007789. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1007789
Mora-Soto, A., Capsey, A., Friedlander, A. M., Palacios, M., Brewin, P. E., Golding, N., Dayton, P., Van Tussenbroek, B., Montiel, A., Goodell, W., Velasco-Charpentier, C., Hart, T., Macaya, E. C., Perez-Matus, A., & Macias-Fauria, M. (2021). One of the least disturbed marine coastal ecosystems on Earth: Spatial and temporal persistence of Darwin’s sub-Antarctic giant kelp forests. Journal of Biogeography, 48(10), 2562–2577. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14221
Dayton, P. K. (2020). Adventures scaling the realized niche, saving the world, and searching for values. Ices Journal of Marine Science, 77(5), 1648–1657. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa085
Bjordal, C. G., & Dayton, P. K. (2020). First evidence of microbial wood degradation in the coastal waters of the Antarctic. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68613-y
Friedlander, A. M., Ballesteros, E., Bell, T. W., Caselle, J. E., Campagna, C., Goodell, W., Hune, M., Munoz, A., Salinas-de-Leon, P., Sala, E., & Dayton, P. K. (2020). Kelp forests at the end of the earth: 45 years later. PLOS ONE, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229259
Kim, S., Hammerstrom, K., & Dayton, P. (2019). Epifaunal community response to iceberg-mediated environmental change in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 613, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12899
Dayton, P. K., Oliver, J. S., Thrush, S. F., & Hammerstrom, K. (2019). Bacteria defend carrion from scavengers. Antarctic Science, 31(1), 13–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102018000457
Dayton, P. K., Jarrell, S. C., Kim, S., Parnell, P. E., Thrush, S. F., Hammerstrom, K., & Leichter, J. J. (2019). Benthic responses to an Antarctic regime shift: food particle size and recruitment biology. Ecological Applications, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1823
Dayton, P. K., Robilliard, G. A., Oliver, J. S., Kim, S., Hammerstrom, K., O’Connor, K., Fisher, J., Barber, J., & Jarrell, S. (2018). Long-term persistence of wood on the sea floor at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 30(6), 355–356. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102018000305
Abrams, P. A., Ainley, D. G., Blight, L. K., Dayton, P. K., Eastman, J. T., & Jacquet, J. L. (2016). Necessary elements of precautionary management: implications for the Antarctic toothfish. Fish and Fisheries, 17(4), 1152–1174. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12162
Dayton, P., Jarrell, S., Kim, S., Thrush, S., Hammerstrom, K., Slattery, M., & Parnell, E. (2016). Surprising episodic recruitment and growth of Antarctic sponges: Implications for ecological resilience. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 482, 38–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2016.05.001
Dayton, P. K., Hammerstrom, K., Jarrell, S. C., Kim, S., Nordhausen, W., Osborne, D. J., & Thrush, S. F. (2016). Unusual coastal flood impacts in Salmon Valley, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 28(4), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000171
Gocke, C., Janussen, D., Reiswig, H. M., Jarrell, S. C., & Dayton, P. K. (2015). Rossella podagrosa Kirkpatrick, 1907: A valid species after all. Zootaxa, 4021(1), 169–177.
Herzka, S. Z., Mellink, E., Talley, D. M., Huxel, G. R., & Dayton, P. K. (2013). Stable isotope ratios of egg albumen of three waterbird species nesting in the Colorado River Delta indicate differences in foraging ground and isotopic niche breadth. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 23(4), 546–563. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2326
Christian, C., Ainley, D., Bailey, M., Dayton, P., Hocevar, J., LeVine, M., Nikoloyuk, J., Nouvian, C., Velarde, E., Werner, R., & Jacquet, J. (2013). A review of formal objections to Marine Stewardship Council fisheries certifications. Biological Conservation, 161, 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.01.002
Dayton, P. K., Kim, S., Jarrell, S. C., Oliver, J. S., Hammerstrom, K., Fisher, J. L., O’Connor, K., Barber, J. S., Robilliard, G., Barry, J., Thurber, A. R., & Conlan, K. (2013). Recruitment, Growth and Mortality of an Antarctic Hexactinellid Sponge, Anoxycalyx joubini. PLOS ONE, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056939
Konotchick, T., Parnell, P. E., Dayton, P. K., & Leichter, J. J. (2012). Vertical distribution of Macrocystis pyrifera nutrient exposure in southern California. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 106, 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.04.026
Sala, E., & Dayton, P. K. (2011). Predicting strong community impacts using experimental estimates of per capita interaction strength: benthic herbivores and giant kelp recruitment. Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective, 32(3), 300–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2011.00471.x
Parnell, P. E., Dayton, P. K., Fisher, R. A., Loarie, C. C., & Darrow, R. D. (2010). Spatial patterns of fishing effort off San Diego: implications for zonal management and ecosystem function. Ecological Applications, 20(8), 2203–2222. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1543.1
Parnell, P. E., Miller, E. F., Lennert-Cody, C. E., Dayton, P. K., Carter, M. L., & Stebbins, T. D. (2010). The response of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in southern California to low-frequency climate forcing. Limnology and Oceanography, 55(6), 2686–2702. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.6.2686
Thrush, S. F., & Dayton, P. K. (2010). What can ecology contribute to ecosystem-based management? In Annual Review of Marine Science (Vol. 2, pp. 419–441).
Levin, L. A., & Dayton, P. K. (2009). Ecological theory and continental margins: where shallow meets deep. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24(11), 606–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.012
Thrush, S. F., Hewitt, J. E., Dayton, P. K., Coco, G., Lohrer, A. M., Norkko, A., Norkko, J., & Chiantore, M. (2009). Forecasting the limits of resilience: integrating empirical research with theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 276(1671), 3209–3217. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0661
Braje, T. J., Erlandson, J. M., Rick, T. C., Dayton, P. K., & Hatch, M. B. A. (2009). Fishing from past to present: continuity and resilience of red abalone fisheries on the Channel Islands, California. Ecological Applications, 19(4), 906–919. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0135.1
Auster, P. J., Fujita, R., Kellert, S. R., Avise, J., Campagna, C., Cuker, B., Dayton, P., Heneman, B., Kenchington, R., Stone, G., Di Sciara, G. N., & Glynn, P. (2009). Developing an ocean ethic: science, utility, aesthetics, self-interest, and different ways of knowing. Conservation Biology, 23(1), 233–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01057.x
Parnell, P. E., Groce, A. K., Stebbins, T. D., & Dayton, P. K. (2008). Discriminating sources of PCB contamination in fish on the coastal shelf off San Diego, California (USA). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(12), 1992–2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.08.023
Hewitt, J. E., Thrush, S. F., & Dayton, P. D. (2008). Habitat variation, species diversity and ecological functioning in a marine system. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 366(1–2), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.07.016
Steneck, R. S., Bustamante, R. H., Dayton, P. K., Jones, G. P., & Hobday, A. J. (2008). Current status and future trends in kelp forest ecosystems. Cambridge University Press.
Hewitt, J. E., Thrush, S. F., Dayton, P. K., & Bonsdorff, E. (2007). The effect of spatial and temporal heterogeneity on the design and analysis of empirical studies of scale-dependent systems. American Naturalist, 169(3), 398–408. https://doi.org/10.1086/510925
Parnell, P. E., Dayton, P. K., & Margiotti, F. (2007). Spatial and temporal patterns of lobster trap fishing: a survey of fishing effort and habitat structure. Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences, 106(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.3160/0038-3872(2007)106[27:SATPOL]2.0.CO;2
Gray, J. S., Dayton, P., Thrush, S., & Kaiser, M. J. (2006). On effects of trawling, benthos and sampling design. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52(8), 840–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.07.003
Parnell, P. E., Dayton, P. K., Lennert-Cody, C. E., Rasmussen, L. L., & Leichter, J. J. (2006). Marine reserve design: optimal size, habitats, species affinities, diversity, and ocean microclimate. Ecological Applications, 16(3), 945–962. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0945:mrdosh]2.0.co;2
Thrush, S., Dayton, P., Cattaneo-Vietti, R., Chiantore, M., Cummings, V., Andrew, N., Hawes, I., Kim, S., Kvitek, R., & Schwarz, A. M. (2006). Broad-scale factors influencing the biodiversity of coastal benthic communities of the Ross Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 53(8–10), 959–971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.02.006
Gili, J. M., Arntz, W. E., Palanques, A., Orejas, C., Clarke, A., Dayton, P. K., Isla, E., Teixido, N., Rossi, S., & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (2006). A unique assemblage of epibenthic sessile suspension feeders with archaic features in the high-Antarctic. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 53(8–10), 1029–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.021
Birkeland, C., & Dayton, P. K. (2005). The importance in fishery management of leaving the big ones. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20(7), 356–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.015
Vilchis, L. I., Tegner, M. J., Moore, J. D., Friedman, C. S., Riser, K. L., Robbins, T. T., & Dayton, P. K. (2005). Ocean warming effects on growth, reproduction, and survivorship of Southern California abalone. Ecological Applications, 15(2), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5326
Parnell, P. E., Lennert-Cody, C. E., Geelen, L., Stanley, L. D., & Dayton, P. K. (2005). Effectiveness of a small marine reserve in southern California. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 296, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps296039
Pikitch, E. K., Santora, C., Babcock, E. A., Bakun, A., Bonfil, R., Conover, D. O., Dayton, P., Doukakis, P., Fluharty, D., Heneman, B., Houde, E. D., Link, J., Livingston, P. A., Mangel, M., McAllister, M. K., Pope, J., & Sainsbury, K. J. (2004). Ecosystem-based fishery management. Science, 305(5682), 346–347. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1098222
Agardy, T., Bridgewater, P., Crosby, M. P., Day, J., Dayton, P. K., Kenchington, R., Laffoley, D., McConney, P., Murray, P. A., Parks, J. E., & Peau, L. (2003). Dangerous targets? Unresolved issues and ideological clashes around marine protected areas. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 13(4), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.583
Dayton, P. K. (2003). The importance of the natural sciences to conservation. American Naturalist, 162(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1086/376572
Kinlan, B. P., Graham, M. H., Sala, E., & Dayton, P. K. (2003). Arrested development of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera, Phaeophyceae) embryonic sporophytes: A mechanism for delayed recruitment in perennial kelps? Journal of Phycology, 39(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.02087.x
Graham, M. H., Dayton, P. K., & Erlandson, J. M. (2003). Ice ages and ecological transitions on temperate coasts. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(02)00006-x
Sala, E., Aburto-Oropeza, O., Paredes, G., Parra, I., Barrera, J. C., & Dayton, P. K. (2002). A general model for designing networks of marine reserves. Science, 298(5600), 1991–1993. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075284
Rogers-Bennett, L., Haaker, P. L., Huff, T. O., & Dayton, P. K. (2002). Estimating baseline abundances of abalone in California for restoration. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports, 43, 97–111.
Graham, M. H., & Dayton, P. K. (2002). On the evolution of ecological ideas: Paradigms and scientific progress. Ecology, 83(6), 1481–1489. https://doi.org/10.2307/3071968
Gerrodette, T., Dayton, P. K., Macinko, S., & Fogarty, M. J. (2002). Precautionary management of marine fisheries: Moving beyond burden of proof. Bulletin of Marine Science, 70(2), 657–668.
Thrush, S. F., & Dayton, P. K. (2002). Disturbance to marine benthic habitats by trawling and dredging: Implications for marine biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33, 449–473. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolysis.33.010802.150515
Dayton, P. K., & Sala, E. (2001). Natural History: the sense of wonder, creativity and progress in ecology. Scientia Marina, 65, 199–206.
Houde, E., Coleman, F., Dayton, P., Fluharty, D., Kelleher, G., Palumbi, S. R., Parma, A. M., Pimm, S. L., Roberts, C., Smith, S. L., Somero, G., Stoffle, R., & Wilen, J. (2001). Marine protected areas : tools for sustaining ocean ecosystems (No. 0309072867 (hard); pp. xvi, 272 p.). National Academy Press.
Witman, J. D., & Dayton, P. K. (2001). Rocky Subtidal Communities. In M. D. Bertness, S. D. Gaines, & M. E. Hay (Eds.), Marine community ecology (pp. 339–366). Sinauer Associates.